{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002127443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","title":"Gamma-ray and millimeter-wave emissions from the 1991 June X-class solar flares","display_name":"Gamma-ray and millimeter-wave emissions from the 1991 June X-class solar flares","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002127443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","mag":"2002127443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/174969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046989946","display_name":"R. Ramaty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reuven Ramaty","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD., United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109804906","display_name":"Richard A. Schwartz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071192533","display_name":"Shinzo \u00c9nom\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286930","display_name":"Nobeyama Radio Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/03kpxq070","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I199525922","https://openalex.org/I4210159940","https://openalex.org/I4405286930"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinzo Enome","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nobeyama Radio Observatory Minamisaku, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nobeyama Radio Observatory Minamisaku, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001023690","display_name":"Hiroshi Nakajima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-5468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-5468","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-3938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286930","display_name":"Nobeyama Radio Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/03kpxq070","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I199525922","https://openalex.org/I4210159940","https://openalex.org/I4405286930"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Nakajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nobeyama Radio Observatory Minamisaku, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nobeyama Radio Observatory Minamisaku, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94532103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"436","issue":null,"first_page":"941","last_page":"941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-flares","display_name":"solar flares","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-ray-emission","display_name":"gamma-ray emission","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter-wave-emission","display_name":"millimeter-wave emission","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyrosynchrotron-radiation","display_name":"gyrosynchrotron radiation","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thick-target-bremsstrahlung","display_name":"thick-target bremsstrahlung","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relativistic-electrons","display_name":"relativistic electrons","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-trapping","display_name":"electron trapping","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronal-magnetic-field","display_name":"coronal magnetic field","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-spectral-index","display_name":"electron spectral index","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-turbulence","display_name":"plasma turbulence","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pitch-angle-scattering","display_name":"pitch angle scattering","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop-models","display_name":"loop models","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-regions","display_name":"active regions","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-line-emission","display_name":"nuclear line emission","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9447268843650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7910260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11523","display_name":"Gamma ray","level":2,"score":0.7014932632446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.6888421773910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779588948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628261","display_name":"Flare","level":2,"score":0.6578050851821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.6532098650932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655904","display_name":"Bremsstrahlung","level":3,"score":0.6418622136116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4354546070098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.4326309561729431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.4286668598651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.11716538667678833}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/174969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/174969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099667680","https://openalex.org/W1621956911","https://openalex.org/W2044480084","https://openalex.org/W3001320770","https://openalex.org/W1629565524","https://openalex.org/W1505975730","https://openalex.org/W1643470351","https://openalex.org/W2333393123","https://openalex.org/W89384172","https://openalex.org/W1601041201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,60,87,243,292,320],"have":[1,61,88],"studied":[2],"the":[3,13,19,27,44,53,67,85,92,100,112,124,129,134,140,166,171,180,188,197,209,212,217,222,239,255,261,265,268,282,295,299,313,316,322,325,332,335,344,347],"spectacular":[4],"1991":[5,56],"June":[6,57,200],"X-class":[7],"flares":[8,198,235],"using":[9],"gamma-ray":[10,93],"data":[11,37,174,178],"from":[12,38,133,179],"Charged":[14],"Particle":[15],"Detectors":[16],"(CPDs)":[17],"of":[18,74,123,199,211,233,249,264,308,315,324,334,346],"Burst":[20],"and":[21,33,94,111,151,154,175,187,204,221],"Transient":[22],"Source":[23],"Experiment":[24,184,192],"(BATSE)":[25],"on":[26,194],"Compton":[28],"Gamma":[29,182],"Ray":[30,183],"Observatory":[31],"(CGRO)":[32],"80":[34,101,172],"GHz":[35,102,173],"millimeter":[36,95,218],"Nobeyama,":[39],"Japan.":[40],"The":[41,126],"CPDs":[42,68],"were":[43,236],"only":[45],"CGRO":[46,195],"instrument":[47],"that":[48,63,91,128,208,289,294],"did":[49],"not":[50],"saturate":[51],"during":[52],"extremely":[54],"intense":[55],"4":[58],"flare.":[59],"shown":[62,90],"for":[64,196,331,343],"this":[65,245],"flare":[66,229],"respond":[69],"to":[70,78,119,162,215,278],"MeV":[71],"photons,":[72],"most":[73],"which":[75,254],"are":[76,115,270],"due":[77,118,277],"bremsstrahlung":[79,117,283],"produced":[80,107,237,259,285],"by":[81,108,273,286],"relativistic":[82],"electrons":[83,110,120,269,288],"at":[84,312],"Sun.":[86],"further":[89],"observations":[96,168],"agree":[97],"numerically":[98],"if":[99],"radiation":[103,106],"is":[104,258,284,302],"gyrosynchrotron":[105,256],"trapped":[109],"gamma":[113],"rays":[114],"thick-target":[116],"precipitating":[121,287],"out":[122],"trap.":[125],"requirement":[127],"trapping":[130,296,336,348],"time":[131,142,297,303],"obtained":[132],"numerical":[135],"comparison":[136],"be":[137],"consistent":[138],"with":[139,169,227],"observed":[141],"profiles":[143],"implies":[144],"a":[145,250,306,328,340],"magnetic":[146],"field":[147],"between":[148,159],"about":[149,160,309],"200":[150],"300":[152],"G":[153],"an":[155],"electron":[156],"spectral":[157],"index":[158],"3":[161],"5.":[163],"By":[164],"comparing":[165],"CPD":[167,213,317],"both":[170,216],"nuclear":[176,223],"line":[177,224],"Energetic":[181],"Telescope":[185],"(EGRET)":[186],"Oriented":[189],"Scintillation":[190],"Spectroscopy":[191],"(OSSE)":[193],"4,":[201],"6,":[202],"9,":[203],"11,":[205],"we":[206],"found":[207,293],"ratio":[210],"counts":[214],"flux":[219],"densities":[220],"fluences":[225],"decreases":[226],"decreasing":[228],"heliocentric":[230],"angle.":[231],"All":[232],"these":[234],"in":[238,247,253,260,298],"same":[240],"active":[241],"region.":[242],"interpreted":[244],"result":[246],"terms":[248],"loop":[251,266],"model":[252],"emission":[257],"coronal":[262,300],"portion":[263,301],"where":[267],"kept":[271],"isotropic":[272],"pitch":[274],"angle":[275],"scattering":[276],"plasma":[279],"turbulence,":[280],"while":[281],"interact":[290],"anisotropically.":[291],"dependent,":[304],"reaching":[305],"minimum":[307],"10":[310],"s":[311],"peak":[314],"count":[318],"rate.":[319],"suggested":[321],"damping":[323],"turbulence":[326,338],"as":[327,339],"possible":[329,341],"reason":[330,342],"variation":[333,345],"time.":[337,349]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
