{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001784584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","title":"Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects: A Clarification of Hypotheses and Approaches","display_name":"Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects: A Clarification of Hypotheses and Approaches","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001784584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","mag":"2001784584","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16555192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/499992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127706618","display_name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","issn_l":"1522-2152","issn":["1522-2152","1537-5293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057675287","display_name":"Steven L. Chown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-5105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6069-5105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven\u00a0L. Chown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial, Physiological, and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa","Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial, Physiological, and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Botany & Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049214506","display_name":"Allen G. Gibbs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-2056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-2056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen\u00a0G. Gibbs","raw_affiliation_strings":["","UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068306071","display_name":"Stefan K. Hetz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4928-8506","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4928-8506"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan\u00a0K. Hetz","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112322818","display_name":"C. Jaco Klok","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.\u00a0Jaco Klok","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Universiteit Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch University)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiteit Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch University)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059838823","display_name":"John R. B. Lighton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-924X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-924X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John\u00a0R.\u00a0B. Lighton","raw_affiliation_strings":["","University of Nevada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nevada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111937809","display_name":"Elrike Marais","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elrike Marais","raw_affiliation_strings":["","Universiteit Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch University)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiteit Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch University)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":197,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72727273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"2","first_page":"333","last_page":"343"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11056","display_name":"Physiological and biochemical adaptations","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11056","display_name":"Physiological and biochemical adaptations","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10702","display_name":"Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuous-gas-exchange","display_name":"discontinuous gas exchange","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-respiration","display_name":"insect respiration","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-water-loss","display_name":"respiratory water loss","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convection-and-diffusion","display_name":"convection and diffusion","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diapause","display_name":"diapause","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.748611569404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.44057315587997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.42095381021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.410122811794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4058483839035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.357986718416214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.1388419270515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.10787266492843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/499992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/499992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127706618","display_name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","issn_l":"1522-2152","issn":["1522-2152","1537-5293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16555192","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16555192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4250353514","display_name":"Ecology, genetics and physiology of insect vectors","funder_award_id":"R01AI052456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96165550","https://openalex.org/W105893388","https://openalex.org/W621658195","https://openalex.org/W1488393970","https://openalex.org/W1491586260","https://openalex.org/W1492537200","https://openalex.org/W1603923763","https://openalex.org/W1663332679","https://openalex.org/W1863715486","https://openalex.org/W1918820238","https://openalex.org/W1922955336","https://openalex.org/W1942507102","https://openalex.org/W1956698371","https://openalex.org/W1966398149","https://openalex.org/W1968073744","https://openalex.org/W1974333579","https://openalex.org/W1976358110","https://openalex.org/W1978395687","https://openalex.org/W1978953670","https://openalex.org/W1982814486","https://openalex.org/W1985533936","https://openalex.org/W1990163188","https://openalex.org/W1990899336","https://openalex.org/W1997684661","https://openalex.org/W1999802829","https://openalex.org/W2013410948","https://openalex.org/W2017626200","https://openalex.org/W2018777357","https://openalex.org/W2022846088","https://openalex.org/W2023098348","https://openalex.org/W2024638805","https://openalex.org/W2037578065","https://openalex.org/W2048923252","https://openalex.org/W2049612926","https://openalex.org/W2054593410","https://openalex.org/W2063474557","https://openalex.org/W2067116809","https://openalex.org/W2072763940","https://openalex.org/W2073865580","https://openalex.org/W2075794929","https://openalex.org/W2079355976","https://openalex.org/W2080454967","https://openalex.org/W2080618944","https://openalex.org/W2086158448","https://openalex.org/W2088954101","https://openalex.org/W2092946017","https://openalex.org/W2096698507","https://openalex.org/W2097113137","https://openalex.org/W2098363140","https://openalex.org/W2098942553","https://openalex.org/W2102796168","https://openalex.org/W2102827290","https://openalex.org/W2112951896","https://openalex.org/W2116566994","https://openalex.org/W2122573391","https://openalex.org/W2126692736","https://openalex.org/W2129579998","https://openalex.org/W2130940924","https://openalex.org/W2131086850","https://openalex.org/W2133659916","https://openalex.org/W2147693103","https://openalex.org/W2148002781","https://openalex.org/W2152210940","https://openalex.org/W2153049316","https://openalex.org/W2157515777","https://openalex.org/W2160288742","https://openalex.org/W2164311065","https://openalex.org/W2164486931","https://openalex.org/W2165530333","https://openalex.org/W2166016523","https://openalex.org/W2167372258","https://openalex.org/W2169880129","https://openalex.org/W2180478016","https://openalex.org/W2182590351","https://openalex.org/W2184435177","https://openalex.org/W2187823161","https://openalex.org/W2189563133","https://openalex.org/W2242378172","https://openalex.org/W2254573620","https://openalex.org/W2257797287","https://openalex.org/W2261144192","https://openalex.org/W2265210796","https://openalex.org/W2307250036","https://openalex.org/W2322525596","https://openalex.org/W2393120402","https://openalex.org/W2415076877","https://openalex.org/W2462150165","https://openalex.org/W2897153931","https://openalex.org/W2990686482","https://openalex.org/W4241155266","https://openalex.org/W4298304295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997185307","https://openalex.org/W2070663057","https://openalex.org/W2044519213","https://openalex.org/W2392919175","https://openalex.org/W2601641897","https://openalex.org/W7215705448","https://openalex.org/W1976358110","https://openalex.org/W1976830853","https://openalex.org/W1968073744","https://openalex.org/W4206964803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"adult":[1],"and":[2,27,36,76,106,115,158,161],"diapausing":[3],"pupal":[4],"insects":[5],"exchange":[6,15,73],"respiratory":[7,44,65,134],"gases":[8],"discontinuously":[9],"in":[10,38,64,74,137,145],"a":[11],"three-phase":[12],"discontinuous":[13],"gas":[14,72],"cycle":[16],"(DGC).":[17],"We":[18,47,124],"summarize":[19,48,162],"the":[20,25,32,39,49,53,61,82,91,100,138,143,150,155,166],"known":[21],"biophysical":[22],"characteristics":[23],"of":[24,34,43,60,84,94,102,142,165],"DGC":[26,144],"describe":[28,125],"current":[29],"research":[30],"on":[31],"role":[33],"convection":[35],"diffusion":[37],"DGC,":[40],"emphasizing":[41],"control":[42,108],"water":[45,66,135],"loss.":[46],"main":[50],"theories":[51],"for":[52,175],"evolutionary":[54],"genesis":[55],"(or,":[56],"alternatively,":[57],"nonadaptive":[58],"genesis)":[59],"DGC:":[62],"reduction":[63],"loss":[67,136],"(the":[68,79,87,96,111,120],"hygric":[69,151],"hypothesis),":[70,81,89,99,114],"optimizing":[71],"hypoxic":[75],"hypercapnic":[77],"environments":[78],"chthonic":[80],"hybrid":[83],"these":[85],"two":[86],"chthonic-hygric":[88],"reducing":[90],"toxic":[92],"properties":[93],"oxygen":[95],"oxidative":[97],"damage":[98],"outcome":[101],"interactions":[103],"between":[104],"O(2)":[105],"CO(2)":[107],"set":[109],"points":[110],"emergent":[112],"property":[113],"protection":[116],"against":[117],"parasitic":[118],"invaders":[119],"strolling":[121],"arthropods":[122],"hypothesis).":[123],"specific":[126,163],"techniques":[127],"that":[128,168],"are":[129,169],"being":[130],"employed":[131],"to":[132,148,171],"measure":[133],"presence":[139],"or":[140],"absence":[141],"an":[146],"attempt":[147],"test":[149],"hypothesis,":[152],"such":[153],"as":[154],"hyperoxic":[156],"switch":[157],"H(2)O/CO(2)":[159],"regression,":[160],"areas":[164],"field":[167],"likely":[170],"be":[172],"profitable":[173],"directions":[174],"future":[176],"research.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
