{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001628093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","title":"Effect of Smoking on the Clinical Progression of HIV-1 Infection","display_name":"Effect of Smoking on the Clinical Progression of HIV-1 Infection","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001628093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","mag":"2001628093","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9170420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183002","display_name":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology","issn_l":"1077-9450","issn":["1077-9450","2331-6993"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069603059","display_name":"Noya Galai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-9492","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-9492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noya Galai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060329768","display_name":"Lawrence P. Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47251452","display_name":"Wake Forest University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207ad724","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence P. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","Johns Hopkins University","Wake Forest University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wake Forest University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105570628","display_name":"Jerry E. Wesch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1296644651","display_name":"Howard Brown Health Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01sw9e110","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1296644651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Wesch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","\u2021Howard Brown Health Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021Howard Brown Health Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296644651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111522537","display_name":"Barbara R. Visscher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Visscher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","University of California at Los Angeles**"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles**","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019943597","display_name":"Sharon A. Riddler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-7037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2545-7037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Riddler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","University of Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101481061","display_name":"Joseph B. Margolick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4398-8851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4398-8851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph B. Margolick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","Bloomberg School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Epidemiology and *Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101481061"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77224986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"451","last_page":"458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.5220000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.5220000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.26489999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.060499999672174454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-infection","display_name":"HIV-1 infection","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-progression","display_name":"disease progression","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aids","display_name":"AIDS","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-candidiasis","display_name":"oral candidiasis","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-count","display_name":"CD4 count","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gay-men","display_name":"gay men","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicenter-aids-cohort-study","display_name":"Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study","score":0.902999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.701479434967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4805329442024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3598976135253906}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002180","descriptor_name":"Candidiasis, Oral","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011020","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Pneumocystis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011020","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Pneumocystis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015438","descriptor_name":"Health Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015528","descriptor_name":"HIV Seroprevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018450","descriptor_name":"Disease Progression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018451","descriptor_name":"Homosexuality, Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199704150-00009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183002","display_name":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology","issn_l":"1077-9450","issn":["1077-9450","2331-6993"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9170420","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9170420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1648982045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UO1-AI 35043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G177724020","display_name":"GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER","funder_award_id":"M01RR000722","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5316462389","display_name":"Center/Coordination, Analysis and Management/MACS","funder_award_id":"U01AI035043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G714446084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UO1-AI35042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8232224103","display_name":"Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study - Part B (Baltimore Center)","funder_award_id":"U01AI035042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177642223","https://openalex.org/W216669560","https://openalex.org/W1489199413","https://openalex.org/W1603203337","https://openalex.org/W1969786103","https://openalex.org/W1982460203","https://openalex.org/W1984262156","https://openalex.org/W1985288964","https://openalex.org/W1998051432","https://openalex.org/W2000912207","https://openalex.org/W2030998750","https://openalex.org/W2032233319","https://openalex.org/W2033860362","https://openalex.org/W2068582192","https://openalex.org/W2073846554","https://openalex.org/W2082272941","https://openalex.org/W2082351757","https://openalex.org/W2125576430","https://openalex.org/W2132228483","https://openalex.org/W2170821252","https://openalex.org/W2291488748","https://openalex.org/W2332180578","https://openalex.org/W2339892755","https://openalex.org/W4250220570","https://openalex.org/W4318963783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495447757","https://openalex.org/W200988599","https://openalex.org/W1969786103","https://openalex.org/W2104257647","https://openalex.org/W2091751923","https://openalex.org/W216669560","https://openalex.org/W2030998750","https://openalex.org/W1989709523","https://openalex.org/W2410749440","https://openalex.org/W2022143609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cigarette":[0],"smoking":[1,30,66,93,122,145],"as":[2],"a":[3,126,149],"risk":[4],"factor":[5],"in":[6,13,105,129],"progression":[7,99,154],"of":[8,19,64,69,88,132,155,167],"HIV-1":[9,156],"disease":[10],"was":[11,94,123],"investigated":[12],"the":[14,62,107,130,153,165],"Multicenter":[15],"AIDS":[16,33,159],"Cohort":[17],"Study":[18],"homosexual":[20],"men.":[21],"Longitudinal":[22],"data":[23,141],"for":[24,43,82],"T-cell":[25],"subsets,":[26],"HIV-related":[27],"clinical":[28],"symptoms,":[29],"behavior,":[31],"and":[32,53,76,86,90],"medication":[34],"use":[35,87],"were":[36,58],"collected":[37],"semiannually":[38],"from":[39],"2,499":[40],"HIV-1-seropositive":[41],"men":[42,113],"up":[44],"to":[45,60,100,158],"9":[46],"years.":[47],"Survival":[48],"methods,":[49],"including":[50],"Kaplan-Meier":[51],"analysis":[52],"multivariate":[54],"Cox":[55],"regression":[56],"models,":[57],"used":[59],"assess":[61],"effect":[63,151],"cigarette":[65,144],"on":[67,152],"development":[68],"Pneumocystis":[70],"carinii":[71],"pneumonia":[72],"(PCP),":[73],"AIDS,":[74,102],"death,":[75],"self-reported":[77],"oral":[78,133,168],"thrush.":[79,169],"After":[80],"adjustment":[81],"CD4+":[83,117],"lymphocyte":[84],"count":[85],"antiretroviral":[89],"anti-PCP":[91],"medications,":[92],"not":[95,147],"significantly":[96],"associated":[97,124],"with":[98,125],"PCP,":[101],"or":[103,137,160],"death":[104,161],"either":[106],"HIV-seroprevalent":[108],"or-seroincident":[109],"cohort":[110],"members.":[111],"Among":[112],"who":[114],"had":[115],"baseline":[116],"cell":[118],"counts":[119],">":[120],"200/microliter,":[121],"40%":[127],"increase":[128],"hazard":[131],"thrush":[134],"(p":[135],"<":[136],"=":[138],"0.01).":[139],"These":[140],"indicate":[142],"that":[143],"does":[146],"have":[148],"major":[150],"infection":[157],"but":[162],"may":[163],"affect":[164],"incidence":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}