{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001307591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","title":"Treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: review and updates on clinical management","display_name":"Treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: review and updates on clinical management","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001307591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","mag":"2001307591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21898710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/da.20884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/da.20884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192592622","display_name":"Depression and Anxiety","issn_l":"1091-4269","issn":["1091-4269","1520-6394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Depression and Anxiety","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/da.20884","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037596938","display_name":"Fadi T. Maalouf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-3084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-3084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104580","display_name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmm6v75","country_code":"LB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]}],"countries":["LB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fadi T. Maalouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. fm38@aub.edu.lb","Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon","Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. fm38@aub.edu.lb","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087483225","display_name":"Mia Atwi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104580","display_name":"American University of Beirut Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmm6v75","country_code":"LB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mia Atwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082847636","display_name":"David A. Brent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5756-2157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5756-2157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Brent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037596938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I4210104580"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7682,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55790785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"946","last_page":"954"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11921","display_name":"Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13118","display_name":"Psychological Treatments and Disorders","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-resistant-depression","display_name":"treatment-resistant depression","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescent-depression","display_name":"adolescent depression","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidepressant-switching","display_name":"antidepressant switching","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmentation-therapy","display_name":"augmentation therapy","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroconvulsive-therapy","display_name":"electroconvulsive therapy","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vagus-nerve-stimulation","display_name":"vagus nerve stimulation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation","display_name":"repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hopelessness","display_name":"hopelessness","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicidal-ideation","display_name":"suicidal ideation","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"comorbidities","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-conflict","display_name":"family conflict","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-depression","display_name":"maternal depression","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-abuse","display_name":"abuse history","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.776527464389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777330709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131543","display_name":"Electroconvulsive therapy","level":3,"score":0.7590273022651672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776641880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944142","display_name":"Suicidal ideation","level":4,"score":0.7152736783027649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777342061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836891","display_name":"Treatment-resistant depression","level":4,"score":0.638963520526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.6047472953796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5842005014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45130643248558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4434013068675995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4396928548812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.4257763624191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.26426249742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.25630319118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.20913651585578918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76560","display_name":"Antidepressant","level":3,"score":0.12136098742485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000928","descriptor_name":"Antidepressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003131","descriptor_name":"Combined Modality Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011613","descriptor_name":"Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019468","descriptor_name":"Disease Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061218","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061218","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061218","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/da.20884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/da.20884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192592622","display_name":"Depression and Anxiety","issn_l":"1091-4269","issn":["1091-4269","1520-6394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Depression and Anxiety","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21898710","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21898710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Depression and anxiety","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/da.20884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20884","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/da.20884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192592622","display_name":"Depression and Anxiety","issn_l":"1091-4269","issn":["1091-4269","1520-6394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Depression and Anxiety","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309999","display_name":"American University of Beirut","ror":"https://ror.org/04pznsd21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2001307591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2001307591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82974046","https://openalex.org/W171757789","https://openalex.org/W183123008","https://openalex.org/W1436801937","https://openalex.org/W1499200300","https://openalex.org/W1935738678","https://openalex.org/W1968581854","https://openalex.org/W1969160927","https://openalex.org/W1972777532","https://openalex.org/W1973534109","https://openalex.org/W1975989571","https://openalex.org/W1979297036","https://openalex.org/W1982466664","https://openalex.org/W1985193354","https://openalex.org/W1991056345","https://openalex.org/W1997254088","https://openalex.org/W1998229006","https://openalex.org/W2002852004","https://openalex.org/W2005690269","https://openalex.org/W2005855713","https://openalex.org/W2014559674","https://openalex.org/W2014757008","https://openalex.org/W2015032082","https://openalex.org/W2016827037","https://openalex.org/W2019412823","https://openalex.org/W2020668812","https://openalex.org/W2021490346","https://openalex.org/W2022389039","https://openalex.org/W2023113506","https://openalex.org/W2024944353","https://openalex.org/W2026277667","https://openalex.org/W2029337908","https://openalex.org/W2032074671","https://openalex.org/W2032452512","https://openalex.org/W2032797601","https://openalex.org/W2033370685","https://openalex.org/W2034298069","https://openalex.org/W2039271653","https://openalex.org/W2045722520","https://openalex.org/W2046212115","https://openalex.org/W2047261130","https://openalex.org/W2054014670","https://openalex.org/W2054594132","https://openalex.org/W2054702712","https://openalex.org/W2057515552","https://openalex.org/W2059073970","https://openalex.org/W2059824279","https://openalex.org/W2062773297","https://openalex.org/W2063773170","https://openalex.org/W2071434853","https://openalex.org/W2083091526","https://openalex.org/W2087545180","https://openalex.org/W2092764219","https://openalex.org/W2094006227","https://openalex.org/W2094533610","https://openalex.org/W2099120666","https://openalex.org/W2100406883","https://openalex.org/W2101481523","https://openalex.org/W2104518967","https://openalex.org/W2113281483","https://openalex.org/W2118162214","https://openalex.org/W2119763231","https://openalex.org/W2124714257","https://openalex.org/W2129954214","https://openalex.org/W2140498388","https://openalex.org/W2143247032","https://openalex.org/W2144565283","https://openalex.org/W2148830430","https://openalex.org/W2151575746","https://openalex.org/W2152591022","https://openalex.org/W2152747725","https://openalex.org/W2160203836","https://openalex.org/W2168083253","https://openalex.org/W2170273380","https://openalex.org/W2183950985","https://openalex.org/W2185706978","https://openalex.org/W2189725743","https://openalex.org/W2254051562","https://openalex.org/W2329843893","https://openalex.org/W2616500375","https://openalex.org/W4231629540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004998718","https://openalex.org/W4400568794","https://openalex.org/W2535839339","https://openalex.org/W2159895219","https://openalex.org/W2032452512","https://openalex.org/W3206647187","https://openalex.org/W2097040478","https://openalex.org/W1997388457","https://openalex.org/W4402113396","https://openalex.org/W4413187468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Treatment-resistant":[0],"depression":[1,33],"(TRD)":[2],"in":[3,23],"adolescents":[4],"is":[5],"prevalent":[6],"and":[7,19,38,42,51,55,57,84,99],"impairing.":[8],"We":[9],"here":[10],"review":[11,63],"the":[12,65,68,73],"definition,":[13],"prevalence,":[14],"clinical":[15],"significance,":[16],"risk":[17],"factors,":[18],"management":[20],"of":[21,32,36,53,64,67],"TRD":[22,29],"adolescents.":[24],"Risk":[25],"factors":[26,46,75],"associated":[27],"with":[28,86],"include":[30,62],"characteristics":[31],"(severity,":[34],"level":[35],"hopelessness,":[37],"suicidal":[39],"ideation),":[40],"psychiatric":[41],"medical":[43],"comorbidities,":[44],"environmental":[45],"(family":[47],"conflict,":[48],"maternal":[49],"depression,":[50],"history":[52],"abuse),":[54],"pharmacokinetics":[56],"other":[58],"biomarkers.":[59],"Management":[60],"options":[61],"adequacy":[66],"initial":[69],"treatment,":[70],"re-assessment":[71],"for":[72],"above-noted":[74],"that":[76],"might":[77],"predispose":[78],"to":[79],"treatment":[80],"resistance,":[81],"switching":[82],"antidepressants,":[83],"augmentation":[85],"medication":[87],"or":[88],"psychotherapy.":[89],"Other":[90],"modalities,":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93],"electroconvulsive":[94],"therapy,":[95],"vagal":[96],"nerve":[97],"stimulation,":[98,103],"repetitive":[100],"transcranial":[101],"magnetic":[102],"are":[104],"also":[105],"reviewed.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}