{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000938388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","title":"Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Use of Race as a Variable: Policy Implications","display_name":"Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Use of Race as a Variable: Policy Implications","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000938388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","mag":"2000938388","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3327009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3349951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058714831","display_name":"Doris Yvonne Wilkinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doris Y. Wilkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0027"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113803754","display_name":"Gary King","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biobehavioral Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biobehavioral Health","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4430,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4430},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8882728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":null,"first_page":"56","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.8838000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.06560000032186508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-stratification","display_name":"racial stratification","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-health-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities in health","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-classification","display_name":"racial classification","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-policy","display_name":"health policy","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-biology","display_name":"racial biology","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-white-disparities","display_name":"black-white disparities","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-behavior","display_name":"health behavior","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-determinants-of-health","display_name":"structural determinants of health","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-ideology","display_name":"racial ideology","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-services","display_name":"health services","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5521593689918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104977270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000306","display_name":"Race and health","level":4,"score":0.5484673380851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.5446770191192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.47227203845977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.46231895685195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4458673894405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.437579870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.43465226888656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2557224","display_name":"Explanatory power","level":2,"score":0.43177932500839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42365384101867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.42244040966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.415459007024765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48158472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841628","display_name":"Social stratification","level":2,"score":0.41026240587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3265553414821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3097275495529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2789199650287628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2775156497955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.26617616415023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2138906717300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1933576464653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.14841696619987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13119474053382874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006304","descriptor_name":"Health Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009017","descriptor_name":"Morbidity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3349951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:3327009","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3327009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank quarterly","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W621611295","https://openalex.org/W1483990380","https://openalex.org/W1595763923","https://openalex.org/W1722981277","https://openalex.org/W1841854441","https://openalex.org/W1924942505","https://openalex.org/W1948513389","https://openalex.org/W1970790390","https://openalex.org/W1983159032","https://openalex.org/W1997471839","https://openalex.org/W2000212376","https://openalex.org/W2001059047","https://openalex.org/W2004696326","https://openalex.org/W2009761499","https://openalex.org/W2013094551","https://openalex.org/W2014981569","https://openalex.org/W2027425135","https://openalex.org/W2034338994","https://openalex.org/W2040225104","https://openalex.org/W2048060672","https://openalex.org/W2069602288","https://openalex.org/W2074290346","https://openalex.org/W2076038750","https://openalex.org/W2106623648","https://openalex.org/W2108659035","https://openalex.org/W2130272145","https://openalex.org/W2134491644","https://openalex.org/W2146217639","https://openalex.org/W2150770994","https://openalex.org/W2154464552","https://openalex.org/W2288216348","https://openalex.org/W2400704518","https://openalex.org/W2401650346","https://openalex.org/W2971055787","https://openalex.org/W4239792208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963747799","https://openalex.org/W7096595817","https://openalex.org/W1709372389","https://openalex.org/W1977518943","https://openalex.org/W4400760550","https://openalex.org/W2336935914","https://openalex.org/W4406349580","https://openalex.org/W2203295663","https://openalex.org/W2612274386","https://openalex.org/W2022837896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,195],"history,":[1],"reality,":[2],"and":[3,9,30,87,111,116,121,126,139,141,151,157,181,185,190,199,220,236,288,316,332,338,347,363,376],"prolonged":[4],"effects":[5],"of":[6,20,23,34,48,66,107,123,155,217,231,263,276,280,291,355,362,378],"racial":[7,24,124,167,218,243],"stratification":[8],"its":[10],"supportive":[11],"ideology":[12],"in":[13,26,31,54,58,128,171,193,197,200,209],"the":[14,21,27,46,62,82,145,152,164,205,210,215,228,237,277,283,353,356],"United":[15],"States":[16],"require":[17],"systematic":[18,305],"study":[19],"impact":[22],"perceptions":[25],"health":[28,85,129,211,226,254,299,317,357],"sphere":[29],"every":[32],"facet":[33],"American":[35],"life":[36],"(Berry":[37],"1965;":[38],"Berreman":[39],"1985;":[40],"Blackwell":[41],"1985).":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"regard,":[45],"use":[47],"race":[49,108,331],"as":[50,71,274,330,352],"an":[51,100],"independent":[52],"variable":[53],"social":[55,172,201,314],"research":[56,203],"is,":[57],"principle,":[59],"similar":[60],"to":[61,94,114,177,223,297,319,365,368],"presumed":[63],"explanatory":[64],"power":[65],"other":[67],"status":[68],"characteristics":[69],"such":[70,329,351],"class":[72],"or":[73,133,309],"economic":[74],"position.":[75],"Depending":[76],"on":[77,240],"which":[78,187],"meaning":[79],"is":[80,302],"intended,":[81],"potential":[83],"policy,":[84],"services,":[86],"sociopolitical":[88],"outcomes":[89],"could":[90],"be":[91,267],"diametrically":[92],"opposed":[93],"one":[95],"another.":[96],"Far":[97],"from":[98],"being":[99],"esoteric":[101],"subject":[102],"among":[103,163,213],"intellectuals,":[104],"any":[105],"definition":[106],"has":[109],"fundamental":[110],"practical":[112,289],"extensions":[113],"cultural":[115],"political":[117],"realities.":[118],"Essentially,":[119],"studies":[120,293],"discussions":[122],"similarities":[125],"differences":[127],"matters,":[130],"whether":[131],"intended":[132],"not,":[134],"go":[135],"beyond":[136,307],"statistical":[137],"compilations":[138],"correlations":[140],"reflect":[142],"norms,":[143],"values,":[144],"country's":[146],"common":[147],"beliefs":[148],"(Praeger":[149],"1982),":[150],"structural":[153,349],"positions":[154],"majority":[156],"minority":[158],"groups.":[159],"Presumably,":[160],"these":[161],"are":[162,169,175,256],"reasons":[165],"that":[166,304,321],"categories":[168],"studied":[170],"science.":[173],"They":[174],"assumed":[176,229],"represent":[178],"socially":[179],"relevant":[180,271],"unique":[182],"histories,":[183],"experiences,":[184],"statuses":[186],"differentiate":[188],"black":[189],"white":[191],"Americans":[192],"particular.":[194],"risks":[196],"epidemiologic":[198],"science":[202],"involve":[204],"preoccupation":[206],"with":[207,259,295],"disparities":[208],"difficulties":[212],"them;":[214],"attribution":[216],"biology":[219],"genetic":[221],"traits":[222],"virtually":[224],"all":[225],"spheres;":[227],"preponderance":[230],"disabling":[232],"conditions":[233],"for":[234,282,322],"blacks;":[235],"unrelenting":[238],"focus":[239],"only":[241],"two":[242],"populations":[244],"despite":[245],"our":[246],"having":[247],"a":[248,260],"multiethnic":[249],"society":[250],"(Wilkinson":[251],"1987).":[252],"Since":[253],"behaviors":[255,324],"directly":[257],"associated":[258],"group's":[261],"\"way":[262],"life,\"":[264],"they":[265],"should":[266],"carefully":[268],"scrutinized":[269],"within":[270],"socio-environmental":[272],"contexts":[273],"part":[275],"scientific":[278],"processes":[279],"discovery,":[281],"underlying":[284],"premises,":[285],"ideological":[286],"translations,":[287],"applications":[290],"their":[292],"especially":[294],"respect":[296],"race-specific":[298],"research.":[300],"It":[301],"likely":[303],"probing":[306],"demographic":[308],"constitutional":[310],"factors":[311],"will":[312,344],"enable":[313],"scientists":[315],"researchers":[318],"discover":[320],"certain":[323],"(e.g.,":[325],"prevention),":[326],"individual":[327],"attributes":[328],"sex--and":[333],"even":[334],"knowledge,":[335],"roles,":[336],"attitudes,":[337],"diets--may":[339],"explain":[340],"far":[341],"less":[342],"than":[343],"environmental":[345],"hazards":[346],"basic":[348],"variables":[350],"organization":[354],"care":[358],"delivery":[359],"system,":[360],"availability":[361],"access":[364],"care,":[366],"ability":[367],"pay,":[369],"provider":[370],"patterns,":[371],"diagnostic":[372],"processes,":[373],"institutional":[374],"operations,":[375],"quality":[377],"care.(ABSTRACT":[379],"TRUNCATED":[380],"AT":[381],"400":[382],"WORDS)":[383]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
