{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000888417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","title":"Observer Effects on the Rating of Perceived Exertion and Affect during Exercise in Recreationally Active Males","display_name":"Observer Effects on the Rating of Perceived Exertion and Affect during Exercise in Recreationally Active Males","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000888417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","mag":"2000888417","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23033758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110965136","display_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","issn_l":"0031-5125","issn":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007748077","display_name":"Rachel Winchester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Winchester","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017826490","display_name":"Louise A. Turner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0847-2232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0847-2232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louise A. Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065623252","display_name":"Kevin Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-5337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-5337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021516829","display_name":"Les Ansley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Les Ansley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005333807","display_name":"Kevin Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-1622","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-1622"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin G. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083552439","display_name":"Dominic P. Micklewright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7519-3252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7519-3252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Micklewright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sport, Performance and Fatigue Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sport, Performance and Fatigue Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108640784","display_name":"Alan St Clair Gibson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan St Clair Gibson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108640784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8716396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"1","first_page":"213","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.6625999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.6625999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11400","display_name":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","score":0.15479999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.09679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-effect","display_name":"observer effect","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rating-of-perceived-exertion","display_name":"rating of perceived exertion","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-affect","display_name":"exercise affect","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-facilitation","display_name":"social facilitation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderate-intensity-running","display_name":"moderate-intensity running","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill-running","display_name":"treadmill running","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recreational-runners","display_name":"recreational runners","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-psychology","display_name":"exercise psychology","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7545825839042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993527604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372945","display_name":"Perceived exertion","level":4,"score":0.6512983441352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372945","display_name":"Rating of perceived exertion","level":4,"score":0.6490783095359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.5586331486701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5412932634353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781464450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839144","display_name":"Treadmill","level":2,"score":0.5216808319091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776811442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420058","display_name":"Exercise intensity","level":4,"score":0.4717489182949066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778310968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14536140","display_name":"Exertion","level":2,"score":0.4630593955516815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4629557728767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.43984368443489075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4042644500732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.11419636011123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09574827551841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0737384557723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000339","descriptor_name":"Affect","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005080","descriptor_name":"Exercise Test","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005082","descriptor_name":"Physical Exertion","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011998","descriptor_name":"Recreation","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011998","descriptor_name":"Recreation","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012420","descriptor_name":"Running","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012420","descriptor_name":"Running","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012938","descriptor_name":"Social Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/25.07.05.pms.115.4.213-227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110965136","display_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","issn_l":"0031-5125","issn":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23033758","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23033758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perceptual and motor skills","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:tle:99731091-32df-e27b-b9b8-f78d09a20da0:1f071524-0ffb-45dd-b0fd-e2ac8222ffc2:1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.canberra.edu.au/researchrepository/items/99731091-32df-e27b-b9b8-f78d09a20da0/1/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050591","display_name":"University of Canberra Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","host_organization_name":"University of Canberra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:10690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/10690/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120288851","https://openalex.org/W387117406","https://openalex.org/W639478855","https://openalex.org/W1484465616","https://openalex.org/W1964442530","https://openalex.org/W1971697989","https://openalex.org/W1995311146","https://openalex.org/W2004008756","https://openalex.org/W2007175952","https://openalex.org/W2007752490","https://openalex.org/W2010802751","https://openalex.org/W2013252884","https://openalex.org/W2018801237","https://openalex.org/W2020191227","https://openalex.org/W2029047988","https://openalex.org/W2042910592","https://openalex.org/W2044950274","https://openalex.org/W2050856660","https://openalex.org/W2060549111","https://openalex.org/W2068840337","https://openalex.org/W2076169763","https://openalex.org/W2076808318","https://openalex.org/W2080383529","https://openalex.org/W2083113231","https://openalex.org/W2087785906","https://openalex.org/W2088705682","https://openalex.org/W2097058405","https://openalex.org/W2097073932","https://openalex.org/W2107602825","https://openalex.org/W2116519983","https://openalex.org/W2124668684","https://openalex.org/W2126718722","https://openalex.org/W2133055325","https://openalex.org/W2134943741","https://openalex.org/W2135094302","https://openalex.org/W2139646340","https://openalex.org/W2144216884","https://openalex.org/W2145585180","https://openalex.org/W2146445497","https://openalex.org/W2148076526","https://openalex.org/W2154694903","https://openalex.org/W2164477804","https://openalex.org/W2165467256","https://openalex.org/W2167765250","https://openalex.org/W2169013317","https://openalex.org/W2169044877","https://openalex.org/W2321462492","https://openalex.org/W2324251461","https://openalex.org/W2325428950","https://openalex.org/W2501482460","https://openalex.org/W2598875957","https://openalex.org/W4322703099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402663047","https://openalex.org/W2037218066","https://openalex.org/W2775369614","https://openalex.org/W171312611","https://openalex.org/W1990399458","https://openalex.org/W2018720543","https://openalex.org/W2145585180","https://openalex.org/W2334948889","https://openalex.org/W2000909470","https://openalex.org/W2060482259"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"the":[3,14,64,70,76,100,114,121],"effect":[4],"of":[5,16,22,44,75,89,102,123],"introducing":[6],"either":[7,63],"a":[8,26,90,94,103,107,125,139],"male":[9,23,65,104,126],"or":[10,66],"female":[11,67,91,128],"observer":[12,68,92,105,129],"on":[13],"ratings":[15],"perceived":[17],"exertion":[18],"(RPE)":[19],"and":[20,60,83,127],"affect":[21,84],"runners":[24],"during":[25,80,146],"moderate":[27,38],"intensity":[28,39],"running":[29,40,48],"task.":[30],"10":[31,73],"moderately":[32],"active":[33],"men":[34],"completed":[35,52],"three":[36,53],"20-min.":[37],"trials":[41,54],"at":[42],"60%":[43],"their":[45],"peak":[46],"treadmill":[47],"speed.":[49],"Each":[50],"participant":[51],"in":[55,97,110,120],"random":[56],"order:":[57],"control,":[58],"male-observed,":[59],"female-observed,":[61],"where":[62],"joined":[69],"trial":[71,77],"after":[72],"min.":[74],"had":[78],"elapsed,":[79],"which":[81],"RPE":[82,111,145],"were":[85],"monitored.":[86],"The":[87],"introduction":[88,101],"caused":[93,106],"significant":[95,108],"decrease":[96],"RPE,":[98],"whereas":[99],"increase":[109],"compared":[112,130],"to":[113,131,144],"control":[115],"trial.":[116],"Affect":[117],"was":[118,134],"higher":[119],"presence":[122],"both":[124],"control.":[132],"It":[133],"concluded":[135],"that":[136],"there":[137],"is":[138],"social,":[140],"interpersonal,":[141],"psychological":[142],"dimension":[143],"exercise.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
