{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000850122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","title":"Policy trends and reforms in the German DRG-based hospital payment system","display_name":"Policy trends and reforms in the German DRG-based hospital payment system","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000850122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","mag":"2000850122","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25638648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851015000093/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209709","display_name":"Health Policy","issn_l":"0168-8510","issn":["0168-8510","1872-6054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851015000093/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071967532","display_name":"Uwe Klein-Hitpa\u00df","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131985","display_name":"GKV Spitzenverband","ror":"https://ror.org/03psr2094","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Klein-Hitpa\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband, Reinhardtstra\u00dfe 28 10117, Berlin. Electronic address: uwe.klein-hitpass@gkv-spitzenverband.de","Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband, Reinhardtstra\u00dfe 28 10117, Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband, Reinhardtstra\u00dfe 28 10117, Berlin. Electronic address: uwe.klein-hitpass@gkv-spitzenverband.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband, Reinhardtstra\u00dfe 28 10117, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031169797","display_name":"David Scheller\u2010Kreinsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131985","display_name":"GKV Spitzenverband","ror":"https://ror.org/03psr2094","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Scheller-Kreinsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband Reinhardtstr. 28 10117, Berlin. Electronic address: david.scheller-kreinsen@gkv-spitzenverband.de","Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband Reinhardtstr. 28 10117, Berlin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband Reinhardtstr. 28 10117, Berlin. Electronic address: david.scheller-kreinsen@gkv-spitzenverband.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abteilung Krankenh\u00e4user GKV-Spitzenverband Reinhardtstr. 28 10117, Berlin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071967532"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131985"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"fwci":8.2767,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97156776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":"3","first_page":"252","last_page":"257"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.6166999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.6166999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.3452000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnosis-related-groups","display_name":"diagnosis-related groups","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-payment-systems","display_name":"hospital payment systems","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-weight","display_name":"relative weight","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-rates","display_name":"base rates","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-level-adjustment","display_name":"price level adjustment","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-financing","display_name":"health care financing","score":0.46799999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6663729548454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.6459602117538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6450347304344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5413070321083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4539198875427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.44880229234695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986008","display_name":"Payment system","level":3,"score":0.43817541003227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.42814958095550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.42047780752182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38950708508491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38349926471710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2078099250793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0790402889251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003953","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis-Related Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004469","descriptor_name":"Economics, Hospital","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012051","descriptor_name":"Reimbursement Mechanisms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018166","descriptor_name":"Health Care Reform","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851015000093/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209709","display_name":"Health Policy","issn_l":"0168-8510","issn":["0168-8510","1872-6054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25638648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25638648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:hepoli:v:119:y:2015:i:3:p:252-257","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851015000093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.01.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851015000093/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210209709","display_name":"Health Policy","issn_l":"0168-8510","issn":["0168-8510","1872-6054"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","fnege-2","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000850122.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000850122.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495910756","https://openalex.org/W1522583718","https://openalex.org/W2124214087","https://openalex.org/W2154065395","https://openalex.org/W2254592036","https://openalex.org/W2280922261","https://openalex.org/W3022921092","https://openalex.org/W3165559403","https://openalex.org/W4247443238","https://openalex.org/W7047433636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005643135","https://openalex.org/W2360688484","https://openalex.org/W3210614816","https://openalex.org/W2139975414","https://openalex.org/W124895621","https://openalex.org/W2120895387","https://openalex.org/W4392122361","https://openalex.org/W2129217956","https://openalex.org/W4404457626","https://openalex.org/W2766326151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"central":[1],"structural":[2],"point":[3],"in":[4,76],"all":[5],"DRG-based":[6,101,111,172],"hospital":[7,51,112,173],"payment":[8],"systems":[9],"is":[10,44],"the":[11,32,41,97,108,135,143,158,164],"conversion":[12],"of":[13,35,100,110,125,145,163],"relative":[14,85,168],"weights":[15,86,169],"into":[16,170],"actual":[17,171],"payments.":[18,174],"In":[19,83],"this":[20],"context":[21],"policy":[22,71],"makers":[23],"need":[24],"to":[25,40,57,141,148,156,166],"address":[26,149],"(amongst":[27],"other":[28],"things)":[29],"(a)":[30],"how":[31,50],"price":[33],"level":[34],"DRG-payments":[36],"from":[37,89],"one":[38],"period":[39,43],"following":[42],"changed":[45],"and":[46,49,75,127,161],"(b)":[47],"whether":[48],"payments":[52,102,113],"based":[53],"on":[54],"DRGs":[55],"are":[56,80,87,117,130],"be":[58,74],"differentiated":[59],"beyond":[60,114],"patient":[61,115],"characteristics,":[62],"e.g.":[63],"by":[64],"organizational,":[65],"regional":[66],"or":[67],"state-level":[68],"factors.":[69],"Both":[70],"problems":[72],"can":[73],"international":[77],"comparison":[78],"often":[79],"empirically":[81,119],"addressed.":[82,120],"Germany":[84],"derived":[88],"a":[90,122],"highly":[91],"sophisticated":[92],"empirical":[93,146],"cost":[94],"calculation,":[95],"whereas":[96],"annual":[98],"changes":[99],"(base":[103],"rates)":[104],"as":[105,107],"well":[106],"differentiation":[109],"characteristics":[116],"not":[118],"Rather":[121],"complex":[123],"set":[124],"regulations":[126],"quasi-market":[128],"negotiations":[129],"applied.":[131],"There":[132],"were":[133],"over":[134],"last":[136],"decade":[137],"also":[138],"timid":[139],"attempts":[140],"foster":[142],"use":[144],"data":[147],"these":[150,153],"points.":[151],"However,":[152],"reforms":[154],"failed":[155],"increase":[157],"fairness,":[159],"transparency":[160],"rationality":[162],"mechanism":[165],"convert":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}