{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000744582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","title":"The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective","display_name":"The Development of the Bow in Western Europe: A Technological and Functional Perspective","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000744582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","mag":"2000744582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90435924","display_name":"Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","issn_l":"1551-823X","issn":["1551-823X","1551-8248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024757660","display_name":"Christopher A. Bergman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168416876","display_name":"Northern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k44g025","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher A. Bergman","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D/Environmental Services, Inc","Northern Kentucky University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D/Environmental Services, Inc","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Kentucky University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024757660"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21835196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"95","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":0.4787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":0.4787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.18469999730587006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.1500999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archery-equipment","display_name":"archery equipment","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-archaeology","display_name":"experimental archaeology","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunting-efficiency","display_name":"hunting efficiency","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-prehistory","display_name":"European prehistory","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204852536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11756","display_name":"Prehistory","level":2,"score":0.8545575737953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780339515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074698","display_name":"Arrow","level":2,"score":0.717134952545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.681339681148529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5496741533279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4743405878543854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.42688077688217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.36156463623046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3394148349761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08213970065116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.05752074718475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90435924","display_name":"Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","issn_l":"1551-823X","issn":["1551-823X","1551-8248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119347456","https://openalex.org/W138726647","https://openalex.org/W179267557","https://openalex.org/W218257493","https://openalex.org/W336963016","https://openalex.org/W337039869","https://openalex.org/W343212875","https://openalex.org/W604110728","https://openalex.org/W1487444881","https://openalex.org/W1815977308","https://openalex.org/W1972980307","https://openalex.org/W1976806495","https://openalex.org/W1987362823","https://openalex.org/W2012472006","https://openalex.org/W2032320504","https://openalex.org/W2075860588","https://openalex.org/W2081791940","https://openalex.org/W2112056728","https://openalex.org/W2238145175","https://openalex.org/W2317837148","https://openalex.org/W2328344111","https://openalex.org/W2508947171","https://openalex.org/W2521153715","https://openalex.org/W2585302360","https://openalex.org/W2588229389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171159209","https://openalex.org/W2238145175","https://openalex.org/W1976806495","https://openalex.org/W2581910292","https://openalex.org/W2915056147","https://openalex.org/W6964178478","https://openalex.org/W7162490879","https://openalex.org/W4255861745","https://openalex.org/W2329478623","https://openalex.org/W2623188263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"and":[2,36,60,66],"use":[3],"of":[4,16,19,28,33,46,51],"archery":[5,54],"equipment":[6,55],"in":[7],"prehistoric":[8,34,52],"Europe":[9],"has":[10,21],"always":[11],"stimulated":[12],"archaeological":[13],"interest.":[14],"Much":[15],"the":[17,25,29,43],"focus":[18],"research":[20],"been":[22],"concerned":[23],"with":[24],"temporal":[26],"origins":[27],"bow.":[30],"Surviving":[31],"examples":[32],"bows":[35],"arrows":[37],"make":[38],"it":[39],"possible":[40],"to":[41,68],"evaluate":[42],"functional":[44],"capabilities":[45],"these":[47],"weapons.":[48],"Experimental":[49],"replication":[50],"European":[53],"shows":[56],"that":[57],"early":[58],"bow":[59],"arrow":[61],"designs":[62],"were":[63],"well":[64],"engineered":[65],"adapted":[67],"maximize":[69],"hunting":[70],"efficiency.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
