{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000707447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","title":"LiNbO3 Light Modulator","display_name":"LiNbO3 Light Modulator","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000707447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","mag":"2000707447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.1685675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31010182","display_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","issn_l":"0034-6748","issn":["0034-6748","1089-7623","1527-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077376315","display_name":"Yuichi Ninomiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1618-9739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1618-9739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107548","display_name":"Japan Broadcasting Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8tz949","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107548"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Ninomiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) 1\u201310\u201311, Kinuta Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) 1\u201310\u201311, Kinuta Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107548"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068947525","display_name":"Toshio Motoki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107548","display_name":"Japan Broadcasting Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8tz949","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107548"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshio Motoki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) 1\u201310\u201311, Kinuta Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Research Laboratories of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) 1\u201310\u201311, Kinuta Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107548"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107548"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6082,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6133491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"519","last_page":"524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11050","display_name":"Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13493","display_name":"Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11127","display_name":"Solid State Laser Technologies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-niobate","display_name":"lithium niobate","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-damage","display_name":"optical damage","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-heating","display_name":"crystal heating","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tin-solder","display_name":"tin solder","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-encapsulation","display_name":"vacuum encapsulation","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction-ratio","display_name":"extinction ratio","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-characteristics","display_name":"temperature characteristics","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-response","display_name":"frequency response","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-growth","display_name":"crystal growth","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electro-optic-modulator","display_name":"electro-optic modulator","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8345520496368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193690875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906767","display_name":"Optical modulator","level":4,"score":0.7694677114486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96137627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385099","display_name":"Extinction ratio","level":3,"score":0.6607915163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90596186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747700","display_name":"Electro-optic modulator","level":5,"score":0.6091259717941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777903624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477653","display_name":"Spatial light modulator","level":2,"score":0.5839755535125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5765321850776672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100082104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183759","display_name":"Piezoelectricity","level":2,"score":0.5329796671867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5289160013198853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4631030261516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.44288143515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424481","display_name":"Lithium niobate","level":2,"score":0.4150426387786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.21169298887252808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.15169772505760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.14338192343711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09736457467079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.1685675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1685675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31010182","display_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","issn_l":"0034-6748","issn":["0034-6748","1089-7623","1527-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984814873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021648496","https://openalex.org/W2004727978","https://openalex.org/W2623133381","https://openalex.org/W2072892455","https://openalex.org/W1539542303","https://openalex.org/W2032448349","https://openalex.org/W1974626795","https://openalex.org/W157422260","https://openalex.org/W3082986816","https://openalex.org/W2090154729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Up":[0],"to":[1,9,22,44,94,124],"this":[2,105],"time,":[3],"LiNbO3":[4,29,51,111],"has":[5],"not":[6],"been":[7],"considered":[8],"be":[10,33],"a":[11,15,57,70,119],"desirable":[12],"material":[13],"for":[14],"light":[16,30],"modulator":[17,31,88,112],"because":[18],"of":[19,49,61,86,118,130],"its":[20],"susceptibility":[21],"``optical":[23],"damage.''":[24],"We":[25],"ascertained":[26],"that":[27,83],"the":[28,40,84,87,109,115,125,128,131],"could":[32],"constructed":[34],"practically":[35],"without":[36],"optical":[37,121],"damage":[38],"when":[39],"crystal":[41,123],"was":[42,81,89],"heated":[43,78],"\u223c170\u2013180":[45],"\u00b0C.":[46],"A":[47],"pair":[48],"polished":[50],"single":[52],"crystals":[53],"were":[54,67],"soldered":[55],"on":[56],"piezoelectric":[58],"resonance":[59],"damper":[60],"copper":[62],"with":[63,92],"pure":[64],"tin,":[65],"and":[66,101,127],"encapsulated":[68],"in":[69],"glass":[71],"vacuum":[72],"vessel":[73],"which":[74],"prevented":[75],"turbulence":[76],"by":[77],"air.":[79],"It":[80],"demonstrated":[82],"performance":[85],"fine,":[90],"especially":[91],"regard":[93],"extinction":[95],"ratio,":[96],"temperature":[97],"characteristics,":[98],"frequency":[99],"response,":[100],"so":[102],"on.":[103],"In":[104],"report,":[106],"we":[107],"describe":[108],"optical-damage-free":[110],"generally,":[113],"from":[114],"growth":[116],"condition":[117],"high":[120],"quality":[122],"construction":[126],"performances":[129],"modulator.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}