{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000688467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","title":"Comparing Data Sets: Implicit Summaries of the Statistical Properties of Number Sets","display_name":"Comparing Data Sets: Implicit Summaries of the Statistical Properties of Number Sets","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000688467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","mag":"2000688467","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25039409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cogs.12141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076540476","display_name":"Bradley J. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-2558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-2558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bradley J. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Lifespan Development and Educational Science, Kent State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Lifespan Development and Educational Science, Kent State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023829947","display_name":"Amy M. Masnick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1346-1597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1346-1597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139290212","display_name":"Hofstra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pm18j10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy M. Masnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department Hofstra University","Hofstra University Psychology Department"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department Hofstra University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hofstra University Psychology Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076540476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"],"apc_list":{"value":4000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85325297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"1","first_page":"156","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-comparison","display_name":"data comparison","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-reasoning","display_name":"statistical reasoning","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-and-variance","display_name":"mean and variance","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-variation","display_name":"coefficient of variation","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ratio-of-means","display_name":"ratio of means","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-fixations","display_name":"eye fixations","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-judgments","display_name":"confidence judgments","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximate-number-system","display_name":"approximate number system","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6045389175415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5102479457855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47775784134864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47137650847435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4334959089756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40703460574150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007600","descriptor_name":"Judgment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/cogs.12141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25039409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25039409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62998879","https://openalex.org/W1913670219","https://openalex.org/W1969252556","https://openalex.org/W1971700827","https://openalex.org/W1974533064","https://openalex.org/W1974841121","https://openalex.org/W1979132393","https://openalex.org/W1992990287","https://openalex.org/W1998584289","https://openalex.org/W2001569942","https://openalex.org/W2010889833","https://openalex.org/W2012309149","https://openalex.org/W2030958445","https://openalex.org/W2044026224","https://openalex.org/W2057826101","https://openalex.org/W2058112981","https://openalex.org/W2059326338","https://openalex.org/W2060677735","https://openalex.org/W2067998532","https://openalex.org/W2073745204","https://openalex.org/W2086672715","https://openalex.org/W2090219513","https://openalex.org/W2103116875","https://openalex.org/W2121822954","https://openalex.org/W2138614602","https://openalex.org/W2153581683","https://openalex.org/W2166562831","https://openalex.org/W2773298553","https://openalex.org/W3147653952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2404045836","https://openalex.org/W2010378089","https://openalex.org/W1982823974","https://openalex.org/W1274940772","https://openalex.org/W2786740094","https://openalex.org/W2269498095","https://openalex.org/W2514486217","https://openalex.org/W2153581683","https://openalex.org/W2756385157","https://openalex.org/W3032436563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Comparing":[0],"datasets,":[1],"that":[2,44,76,85,122],"is,":[3],"sets":[4,33,109],"of":[5,52,55,59,95,105,126],"numbers":[6],"in":[7,13,46],"context,":[8],"is":[9,19,28],"a":[10,136],"critical":[11],"skill":[12],"higher":[14],"order":[15],"cognition.":[16],"Although":[17],"much":[18],"known":[20,29],"about":[21,30,88],"how":[22,31,40,139],"people":[23],"compare":[24,81,143],"single":[25],"numbers,":[26],"little":[27],"number":[32,58,72,104,150],"are":[34],"represented":[35],"and":[36,57,66,80,90,99,118,142],"compared.":[37],"We":[38],"investigated":[39],"subjects":[41],"compared":[42],"datasets":[43,127,144],"varied":[45],"their":[47],"statistical":[48,124],"properties,":[49],"including":[50],"ratio":[51],"means,":[53],"coefficient":[54],"variation,":[56],"observations,":[60],"by":[61],"measuring":[62],"eye":[63],"fixations,":[64],"accuracy,":[65],"confidence":[67,100],"when":[68],"assessing":[69],"differences":[70],"between":[71],"sets.":[73],"Results":[74],"indicated":[75],"participants":[77],"implicitly":[78],"create":[79],"approximate":[82,149],"summary":[83],"values":[84],"include":[86],"information":[87],"mean":[89,115],"variance,":[91],"with":[92],"no":[93],"evidence":[94],"explicit":[96],"calculation.":[97],"Accuracy":[98],"increased,":[101],"while":[102],"the":[103,123,146],"fixations":[106],"decreased":[107],"as":[108,114],"became":[110],"more":[111],"distinct":[112],"(i.e.,":[113],"ratios":[116],"increase":[117],"variance":[119],"decreases),":[120],"demonstrating":[121],"properties":[125],"were":[128],"highly":[129],"related":[130],"to":[131],"comparisons.":[132],"The":[133],"discussion":[134],"includes":[135],"model":[137],"proposing":[138],"reasoners":[140],"summarize":[141],"within":[145],"architecture":[147],"for":[148],"representation.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}