{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000688451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","title":"Live attenuated HIV vaccines: pitfalls and prospects","display_name":"Live attenuated HIV vaccines: pitfalls and prospects","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000688451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","mag":"2000688451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15090885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67076826","display_name":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0951-7375","issn":["0951-7375","1080-7861","1473-6527"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012672197","display_name":"James B. Whitney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-0193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-0193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117453","display_name":"Dana-Farber Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzgtq86","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James B Whitney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA","Abbreviations; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; IAPAC: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; LTNP: long-term non-progressor (of immunodeficiency virus infection); LTR: long terminal repeat; NRE: negative regulatory element; ORF: open reading frame; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SBBC: Sydney Blood Bank Cohort; SHIV: simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; TAR: transactivating response element; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]; env: envelope gene; fax: +1 617 632 3112; nef: gene encoding the viral negative factor; vpu: gene encoding the viral protein u"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abbreviations; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; IAPAC: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; LTNP: long-term non-progressor (of immunodeficiency virus infection); LTR: long terminal repeat; NRE: negative regulatory element; ORF: open reading frame; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SBBC: Sydney Blood Bank Cohort; SHIV: simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; TAR: transactivating response element; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]; env: envelope gene; fax: +1 617 632 3112; nef: gene encoding the viral negative factor; vpu: gene encoding the viral protein u","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051562000","display_name":"Ruth M. Ruprecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-9636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-9636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117453","display_name":"Dana-Farber Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzgtq86","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruth M Ruprecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abbreviations; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; IAPAC: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; LTNP: long-term non-progressor (of immunodeficiency virus infection); LTR: long terminal repeat; NRE: negative regulatory element; ORF: open reading frame; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SBBC: Sydney Blood Bank Cohort; SHIV: simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; TAR: transactivating response element; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]; env: envelope gene; fax: +1 617 632 3112; nef: gene encoding the viral negative factor; vpu: gene encoding the viral protein u"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abbreviations; Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; IAPAC: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; LTNP: long-term non-progressor (of immunodeficiency virus infection); LTR: long terminal repeat; NRE: negative regulatory element; ORF: open reading frame; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SBBC: Sydney Blood Bank Cohort; SHIV: simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; TAR: transactivating response element; e-mail: [email\u00a0protected]; env: envelope gene; fax: +1 617 632 3112; nef: gene encoding the viral negative factor; vpu: gene encoding the viral protein u","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051562000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210117453"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77300613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12159","display_name":"T-cell and Retrovirus Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-safety","display_name":"vaccine safety","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-efficacy","display_name":"vaccine efficacy","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlates-of-protection","display_name":"correlates of protection","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virus-attenuation","display_name":"viral attenuation","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-depletion","display_name":"T cell depletion","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aids","display_name":"AIDS","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd8-t-cells","display_name":"CD8+ T cells","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunopathogenesis","display_name":"immunopathogenesis","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.7024941444396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60987743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460232","display_name":"Virulence","level":3,"score":0.683395504951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54602769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810913","display_name":"Attenuated vaccine","level":4,"score":0.6728500127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777995582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1890246","display_name":"Simian immunodeficiency virus","level":3,"score":0.6696682572364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.5834418535232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.5634168982505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5365564823150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.526374876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5133602023124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780195530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479804","display_name":"HIV vaccine","level":4,"score":0.5071108341217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5019078254699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.48762646317481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.43489861488342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.35985785722732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.2057831883430481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1345210075378418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778190748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7907956","display_name":"Vaccine trial","level":3,"score":0.09803259372711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008251","descriptor_name":"Macaca","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014613","descriptor_name":"Vaccines, Attenuated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015302","descriptor_name":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015302","descriptor_name":"Simian Immunodeficiency Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015754","descriptor_name":"Genes, nef","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016097","descriptor_name":"Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016915","descriptor_name":"AIDS Vaccines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200402000-00004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67076826","display_name":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0951-7375","issn":["0951-7375","1080-7861","1473-6527"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15090885","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15090885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in infectious diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489198906","https://openalex.org/W1586015366","https://openalex.org/W1586476245","https://openalex.org/W1586556343","https://openalex.org/W1712057559","https://openalex.org/W1893343847","https://openalex.org/W1938941047","https://openalex.org/W1966732827","https://openalex.org/W1971680570","https://openalex.org/W1972276296","https://openalex.org/W1981098164","https://openalex.org/W1981785785","https://openalex.org/W1982939816","https://openalex.org/W1988799707","https://openalex.org/W1995870614","https://openalex.org/W1996285831","https://openalex.org/W1996368646","https://openalex.org/W1997844185","https://openalex.org/W2003830418","https://openalex.org/W2008788359","https://openalex.org/W2008796931","https://openalex.org/W2009369926","https://openalex.org/W2011837950","https://openalex.org/W2015278728","https://openalex.org/W2016255636","https://openalex.org/W2020276950","https://openalex.org/W2021077736","https://openalex.org/W2025373690","https://openalex.org/W2026356363","https://openalex.org/W2036433468","https://openalex.org/W2044385030","https://openalex.org/W2054395379","https://openalex.org/W2059888261","https://openalex.org/W2064557078","https://openalex.org/W2065133594","https://openalex.org/W2067230605","https://openalex.org/W2070030819","https://openalex.org/W2071311321","https://openalex.org/W2077348914","https://openalex.org/W2078078883","https://openalex.org/W2078211589","https://openalex.org/W2078936177","https://openalex.org/W2087430988","https://openalex.org/W2095614694","https://openalex.org/W2103626323","https://openalex.org/W2111089028","https://openalex.org/W2111137043","https://openalex.org/W2114947630","https://openalex.org/W2120106310","https://openalex.org/W2121849883","https://openalex.org/W2130285456","https://openalex.org/W2131743669","https://openalex.org/W2135058181","https://openalex.org/W2137440275","https://openalex.org/W2140027694","https://openalex.org/W2140893264","https://openalex.org/W2142143280","https://openalex.org/W2151045417","https://openalex.org/W2154139071","https://openalex.org/W2156411630","https://openalex.org/W2158029570","https://openalex.org/W2158276988","https://openalex.org/W2161633487","https://openalex.org/W2162187516","https://openalex.org/W2162488343","https://openalex.org/W2162863369","https://openalex.org/W2168466920","https://openalex.org/W2170050241","https://openalex.org/W2336069963","https://openalex.org/W2342220526","https://openalex.org/W2407681134","https://openalex.org/W2413311725","https://openalex.org/W2424399114","https://openalex.org/W3207257498","https://openalex.org/W4230331073","https://openalex.org/W4239379492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151045417","https://openalex.org/W2009369926","https://openalex.org/W2012907377","https://openalex.org/W2077348914","https://openalex.org/W2042092073","https://openalex.org/W2045114934","https://openalex.org/W2039503440","https://openalex.org/W1586015366","https://openalex.org/W4230331073","https://openalex.org/W2056358441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE":[0],"OF":[1],"REVIEW:":[2],"When":[3],"simian":[4],"immunodeficiency":[5,37,211],"virus":[6,38,136,212],"(SIV)":[7],"deleted":[8],"in":[9,16],"the":[10,29,68,75,144,171,206,216,234,242],"nef":[11,32],"gene":[12],"caused":[13],"no":[14,129,132,153],"disease":[15,94],"macaques":[17,106],"and":[18,73,117,131,164,186,238],"provided":[19],"protection":[20,133,177],"against":[21,134],"wild-type":[22,92],"SIV":[23],"challenge,":[24],"hopes":[25],"were":[26],"high":[27],"that":[28,173],"removal":[30],"of":[31,70,146,176,205,218,236,245],"would":[33],"convert":[34],"a":[35,40],"pathogenic":[36],"into":[39],"live":[41,56,208],"attenuated":[42,57,209],"vaccine.":[43],"We":[44],"seek":[45],"to":[46,182,226],"highlight":[47],"recent":[48],"studies":[49,168],"focused":[50],"on":[51],"several":[52],"major":[53],"issues":[54],"regarding":[55],"AIDS":[58],"viruses":[59,192,222],"as":[60],"vaccine":[61],"candidates:":[62],"(1).":[63,231],"safety,":[64],"(2).":[65,239],"efficacy,":[66],"(3).":[67],"correlates":[69,145,235],"immune":[71,110],"protection,":[72,237],"(4)":[74],"molecular":[76,243],"determinants":[77,244],"for":[78],"lentiviral":[79],"virulence":[80],"or":[81,128],"attenuation.":[82],"RECENT":[83],"FINDINGS:":[84],"Nef-deletion":[85],"mutants":[86],"have":[87,149,169],"retained":[88],"virulence;":[89],"compared":[90],"with":[91,126,197],"SIV,":[93],"progression":[95],"was":[96],"slowed":[97],"but":[98],"not":[99],"abrogated.":[100],"After":[101],"long-term":[102],"observation,":[103],"all":[104],"adult":[105],"given":[107],"SIVmac239delta3":[108],"exhibited":[109],"dysfunction;":[111],"over":[112],"50%":[113],"had":[114],"T-cell":[115,166],"depletion,":[116],"18%":[118],"developed":[119],"AIDS.":[120],"Vaccine":[121],"efficacy":[122,204],"has":[123,156,214],"been":[124],"disappointing,":[125],"limited":[127],"cross-protection":[130],"homologous":[135],"challenge":[137],"years":[138],"after":[139],"initial":[140],"vaccination.":[141],"To":[142],"date,":[143],"protective":[147],"immunity":[148],"defied":[150],"precise":[151],"definition;":[152],"dominant":[154],"mechanism":[155,175],"yet":[157],"emerged.":[158],"Data":[159],"from":[160],"passive":[161],"serum":[162],"transfer":[163],"CD8+":[165],"depletion":[167],"raised":[170],"possibility":[172],"alternate":[174],"may":[178],"be":[179],"operative.":[180],"Due":[181],"relentless":[183],"viral":[184,246],"replication":[185],"continuous":[187],"selective":[188],"pressure,":[189],"initially":[190],"benign":[191],"can":[193],"generate":[194],"virulent":[195],"progeny":[196],"unpredictable":[198],"genotypes.":[199],"SUMMARY:":[200],"Neither":[201],"safety":[202],"nor":[203],"current":[207],"primate":[210],"vaccines":[213],"withstood":[215],"test":[217],"time.":[219],"However,":[220],"such":[221],"are":[223,233,241],"invaluable":[224],"tools":[225],"address":[227],"two":[228],"key":[229],"questions:":[230],"what":[232,240],"immunopathogenesis?":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}