{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000683405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","title":"The Economic, Demographic, Sociocultural and Political Setting for Emigration from Sri Lanka","display_name":"The Economic, Demographic, Sociocultural and Political Setting for Emigration from Sri Lanka","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000683405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","mag":"2000683405","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12347013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61710699","display_name":"International Migration","issn_l":"0020-7985","issn":["0020-7985","1468-2435"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Migration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065101130","display_name":"Godfrey Gunatilleke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Godfrey Gunatilleke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marga Institute (Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies), Colombo, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marga Institute (Sri Lanka Centre for Development Studies), Colombo, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065101130"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6274,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87036536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"3-4","first_page":"667","last_page":"697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11648","display_name":"Diaspora, migration, transnational identity","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13692","display_name":"Italian Social Issues and Migration","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-migration","display_name":"labor migration","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-migration","display_name":"political migration","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-migration","display_name":"net migration","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-structure","display_name":"employment structure","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-migration","display_name":"internal migration","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-agricultural-land","display_name":"agricultural land access","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.75}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.6812740564346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104151175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187668","display_name":"Emigration","level":2,"score":0.6185673475265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777917351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863941","display_name":"Internal migration","level":3,"score":0.5819315314292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5335474610328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5164139866828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170595211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177626","display_name":"Human migration","level":3,"score":0.48466235399246216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.48042941093444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.47802862524986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.4369896650314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196187386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050187","display_name":"Sociocultural evolution","level":2,"score":0.42964833974838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.41693273186683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.39098304510116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3781150281429291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3774927258491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34912827610969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1587614119052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001208","descriptor_name":"Asia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001208","descriptor_name":"Asia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001208","descriptor_name":"Asia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003469","descriptor_name":"Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013188","descriptor_name":"Sri Lanka","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013188","descriptor_name":"Sri Lanka","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013188","descriptor_name":"Sri Lanka","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00037.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61710699","display_name":"International Migration","issn_l":"0020-7985","issn":["0020-7985","1468-2435"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Migration","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12347013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12347013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International migration (Geneva, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6100000143051147}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290214619","https://openalex.org/W586353169","https://openalex.org/W2044664676","https://openalex.org/W2083776296","https://openalex.org/W2331164497","https://openalex.org/W4247417904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2258028335","https://openalex.org/W891069402","https://openalex.org/W2616154880","https://openalex.org/W3088349424","https://openalex.org/W2128074454","https://openalex.org/W285114948","https://openalex.org/W1774915408","https://openalex.org/W2221881225","https://openalex.org/W4200604091","https://openalex.org/W2108103938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"of":[2,13,23,30,46,61,64,74,81,116,125,131,139,150,159,189,198],"emigration":[3],"from":[4],"Sri":[5,181,235],"Lanka":[6,182],"is":[7,100],"introduced":[8],"by":[9,103],"a":[10,187,202,226],"brief":[11],"review":[12],"the":[14,17,31,62,65,72,75,79,82,107,114,122,126,129,137,140,143,147,157,166,196,199,213,231],"situation":[15],"during":[16],"colonial":[18],"period":[19],"and":[20,37,44,56,69,87,92,95,111,118,128,133,179,207],"an":[21],"overview":[22],"recent":[24],"migration":[25,86],"experience.":[26],"The":[27,50,97],"second":[28],"section":[29,52],"paper":[32,144,167],"deals":[33],"with":[34],"data":[35],"collection":[36],"sources":[38],"for":[39,172,215],"labor":[40,76,205],"migration,":[41,43,223],"political":[42,141,160],"estimates":[45],"total":[47],"net":[48],"migration.":[49,163,216],"third":[51],"looks":[53],"at":[54],"economic":[55],"demographic":[57],"trends":[58],"in":[59,234],"terms":[60],"growth":[63,68,73],"economy,":[66],"population":[67],"social":[70],"well-being,":[71],"force,":[77,84],"unemployment,":[78],"structure":[80],"work":[83],"internal":[85],"access":[88],"to":[89,106,185,191,221],"agricultural":[90],"lands,":[91],"income":[93],"distribution":[94],"poverty.":[96],"sociocultural":[98],"setting":[99],"then":[101,145],"explored":[102],"considering":[104],"exposure":[105],"international":[108],"environment,":[109],"ethnicity":[110],"cultural":[112],"affinity,":[113],"formation":[115],"information":[117],"job":[119],"placement":[120],"networks,":[121],"supportive":[123],"role":[124],"family,":[127],"impact":[130],"success":[132],"failure.":[134],"Moving":[135],"on":[136,162],"influence":[138,158],"setting,":[142],"discusses":[146],"government":[148],"policy":[149],"foreign":[151],"employment":[152],"promotion":[153],"as":[154,156],"well":[155],"developments":[161],"In":[164],"conclusion,":[165],"notes":[168],"that":[169,180],"future":[170],"demand":[171,194],"domestic":[173,204],"service":[174],"workers":[175,190],"will":[176,183,211,219],"likely":[177],"increase,":[178],"continue":[184,220],"have":[186],"surplus":[188],"fill":[192],"this":[193],"until":[195],"end":[197],"1990s,":[200],"when":[201],"tightening":[203],"market":[206],"increased":[208],"real":[209],"wages":[210],"ease":[212],"push":[214],"Political":[217],"factors":[218],"favor":[222],"however,":[224],"unless":[225],"liberal":[227],"democratic":[228],"regime":[229],"becomes":[230],"governing":[232],"force":[233],"Lanka.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}