{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000663345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","title":"All-fiber 90\u00b0 optical hybrid for coherent communications","display_name":"All-fiber 90\u00b0 optical hybrid for coherent communications","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000663345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","mag":"2000663345","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20454152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.26.000437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067337142","display_name":"L.G. Kazovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-6634","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-6634"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107053","display_name":"Core Competence","ror":"https://ror.org/012cc0c94","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonid G. Kazovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108504556","display_name":"L. Curtis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107053","display_name":"Core Competence","ror":"https://ror.org/012cc0c94","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyn Curtis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035661716","display_name":"William Chad Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-052X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-052X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107053","display_name":"Core Competence","ror":"https://ror.org/012cc0c94","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109137180","display_name":"NIM K. CHEUNG","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107053","display_name":"Core Competence","ror":"https://ror.org/012cc0c94","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nim K. Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with Bell Communications Research, Inc., Navesink Research and Engineering Center, 331 Newman Springs Road, Red Bank, NJ 07701-7020","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107053"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97849632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"437","last_page":"437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-fiber-optics","display_name":"all-fiber optics","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-optical-communication","display_name":"coherent optical communication","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homodyne-detection","display_name":"homodyne detection","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-mode-fiber","display_name":"single-mode fiber","score":0.6819999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6976314187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5339654088020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.42722076177597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4229475259780884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3724042475223541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33237749338150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.26.000437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20454152","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20454152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965482226","https://openalex.org/W1971813551","https://openalex.org/W2002506372","https://openalex.org/W2029281486","https://openalex.org/W2045494897","https://openalex.org/W2079792014","https://openalex.org/W2110045475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994585475","https://openalex.org/W139315599","https://openalex.org/W2011412137","https://openalex.org/W2187496535","https://openalex.org/W7039410847","https://openalex.org/W2087803653","https://openalex.org/W1980705860","https://openalex.org/W59836265","https://openalex.org/W2047525772","https://openalex.org/W1972007587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"90":[1,48,76],"degrees":[2,31,49,77],"optical":[3,8,58],"hybrid":[4,78],"is":[5,79,91],"a":[6],"four-port":[7],"device":[9],"with":[10],"two":[11,14,17,44],"inputs":[12],"and":[13,26,36,63,81],"outputs.":[15],"The":[16,47],"output":[18],"signals":[19],"are":[20,38,51],"proportional":[21],"to":[22],"E(1)":[23,27,35],"+":[24,28],"E(2)":[25,29,37],"exp(j90":[30],"),":[32],"respectively,":[33],"where":[34],"the":[39,43,69],"complex":[40],"amplitudes":[41],"of":[42,71,73],"input":[45],"signals.":[46],"hybrids":[50],"needed":[52],"in":[53,60],"many":[54],"applications,":[55],"including":[56],"homodyne":[57],"receivers":[59],"both":[61],"phase-locked":[62],"phase-diversity":[64],"configurations.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"principle":[70],"operation":[72],"an":[74,82],"all-fiber":[75],"described,":[80],"experimental":[83],"unit":[84],"using":[85],"connectorized":[86],"in-line":[87],"single-mode":[88],"fiber":[89],"components":[90],"reported.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
