{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000661962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","title":"Do Corporate PACs Restrict Competition?","display_name":"Do Corporate PACs Restrict Competition?","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000661962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","mag":"2000661962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/000765039803700202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44376543","display_name":"Business & Society","issn_l":"0007-6503","issn":["0007-6503","1552-4205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas J. Dean","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee-Knoxville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee-Knoxville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008377555","display_name":"Maria Vryza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Vryza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Household International, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Household International, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001400128","display_name":"Gerald E. Fryxell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald E. Fryxell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee-Knoxville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee-Knoxville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93354817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"135","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12225","display_name":"Political Influence and Corporate Strategies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-political-spending","display_name":"corporate political spending","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-entry","display_name":"firm entry","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-restrictions","display_name":"entry restrictions","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-industry","display_name":"manufacturing industry","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-structure","display_name":"industry structure","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incumbent-firms","display_name":"incumbent firms","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-political-strategy","display_name":"corporate political strategy","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.734312117099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.7006694078445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994188298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769620","display_name":"Political action","level":3,"score":0.5981742143630981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5850796103477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.5548089742660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5245556831359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.49114081263542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56213336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728583","display_name":"Corporate action","level":4,"score":0.4256378710269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.4163432717323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.36367976665496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3367164731025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32147935032844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.28626549243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1604374349117279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07664933800697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120757647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381136","display_name":"Shareholder","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/000765039803700202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039803700202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44376543","display_name":"Business & Society","issn_l":"0007-6503","issn":["0007-6503","1552-4205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72021140","https://openalex.org/W593861970","https://openalex.org/W595349962","https://openalex.org/W650215399","https://openalex.org/W1520386898","https://openalex.org/W1531100425","https://openalex.org/W1537543935","https://openalex.org/W1556294381","https://openalex.org/W1967701934","https://openalex.org/W1969872310","https://openalex.org/W1971422112","https://openalex.org/W1971707428","https://openalex.org/W1976045532","https://openalex.org/W1976729589","https://openalex.org/W1982156586","https://openalex.org/W1991686693","https://openalex.org/W1992700443","https://openalex.org/W1997933850","https://openalex.org/W1998691772","https://openalex.org/W2001938696","https://openalex.org/W2010854222","https://openalex.org/W2018381478","https://openalex.org/W2021444288","https://openalex.org/W2025733176","https://openalex.org/W2026315425","https://openalex.org/W2031960272","https://openalex.org/W2041254829","https://openalex.org/W2046692734","https://openalex.org/W2050335210","https://openalex.org/W2050872544","https://openalex.org/W2054864547","https://openalex.org/W2064187035","https://openalex.org/W2067340145","https://openalex.org/W2068155429","https://openalex.org/W2070533933","https://openalex.org/W2078575233","https://openalex.org/W2092110378","https://openalex.org/W2092818866","https://openalex.org/W2102461236","https://openalex.org/W2107766383","https://openalex.org/W2136542494","https://openalex.org/W2146165483","https://openalex.org/W2159755398","https://openalex.org/W2313389790","https://openalex.org/W2324656367","https://openalex.org/W2331888209","https://openalex.org/W2417549541","https://openalex.org/W2485063916","https://openalex.org/W2788575695","https://openalex.org/W2797345588","https://openalex.org/W2801673441","https://openalex.org/W2992196680","https://openalex.org/W3124201178","https://openalex.org/W3208014798","https://openalex.org/W4200048435","https://openalex.org/W4247140771","https://openalex.org/W4293229472","https://openalex.org/W4298140396","https://openalex.org/W4298197486","https://openalex.org/W4299991139","https://openalex.org/W4301912119","https://openalex.org/W4391965190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126817233","https://openalex.org/W2065571214","https://openalex.org/W2468804146","https://openalex.org/W61147369","https://openalex.org/W1981084558","https://openalex.org/W2081372339","https://openalex.org/W6884591470","https://openalex.org/W2065897630","https://openalex.org/W4415280838","https://openalex.org/W4236271740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Corporate":[0],"political":[1,11,23],"action":[2],"committees":[3],"(PACs)":[4],"play":[5],"a":[6,69],"prominent":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,64],"the":[10,17,29,42,45,56,77,93],"strategies":[12],"of":[13,19,35,44,58,79,96],"U.S.":[14],"organizations,":[15],"and":[16,67,76],"ability":[18],"firms":[20,36],"to":[21,37,88,92],"influence":[22],"outcomes":[24],"is":[25],"highly":[26],"controversial.":[27],"To":[28],"extent":[30],"that":[31,84],"PACs":[32,60,85],"enable":[33],"groups":[34],"pursue":[38],"corporate":[39,59,73],"agendas":[40],"at":[41],"expense":[43],"social":[46],"good,":[47],"they":[48],"promote":[49],"socially":[50],"suboptimal":[51],"outcomes.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54],"examines":[55],"impact":[57],"on":[61],"entry":[62,78],"restriction":[63],"manufacturing":[65],"industries":[66],"finds":[68],"negative":[70],"relationship":[71],"between":[72],"PAC":[74],"spending":[75],"new":[80],"firms.":[81],"Results":[82],"suggest":[83],"are":[86],"used":[87],"shape":[89],"industry":[90],"structure":[91],"economic":[94],"benefit":[95],"incumbents.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}