{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000625981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","title":"Physical Studies on Cell Immobilization Using Calcium Alginate Gels","display_name":"Physical Studies on Cell Immobilization Using Calcium Alginate Gels","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000625981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","mag":"2000625981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/bit.260211202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151564723","display_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","issn_l":"0006-3592","issn":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2000625981"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109059137","display_name":"PETER S. J. CHEETHAM","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115975","display_name":"Tate & Lyle (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01m39r121","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter S. J. Cheetham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078702030","display_name":"Kevin W. Blunt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115975","display_name":"Tate & Lyle (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01m39r121","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Blunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036125166","display_name":"Christopher Bocke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115975","display_name":"Tate & Lyle (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01m39r121","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bocke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tate and Lyle Limited, Group Research and Development, Philip Lyle Memorial Research Laboratory, The University, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., RG6 2BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115975"],"apc_list":{"value":5060,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5060},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4854,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":232,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89317521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"2155","last_page":"2168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.6416000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.6416000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.18029999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12192","display_name":"Polysaccharides Composition and Applications","score":0.07069999724626541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-immobilization","display_name":"cell immobilization","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-alginate-hydrogel","display_name":"calcium alginate gel","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/column-reactor","display_name":"column reactor","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-resistance","display_name":"compression resistance","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraparticle-diffusion","display_name":"intraparticle diffusion","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-leakage","display_name":"cell leakage","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alginate-concentration","display_name":"alginate concentration","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-concentration","display_name":"calcium concentration","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-of-polymerization","display_name":"degree of polymerization","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sucrose-transport","display_name":"sucrose transport","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780584874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575866","display_name":"Pellets","level":2,"score":0.9336559772491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778713300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034064","display_name":"Calcium alginate","level":3,"score":0.8338230848312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5805194973945618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5497220754623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4027534","display_name":"Sucrose","level":2,"score":0.5148562788963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.5108320713043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.4835048019886017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4409767687320709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519063684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706","display_name":"Calcium","level":2,"score":0.43947625160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3252394199371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.20071670413017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1815536618232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.06787768006324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/bit.260211202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151564723","display_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","issn_l":"0006-3592","issn":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biotechnology and Bioengineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16429013","https://openalex.org/W127965026","https://openalex.org/W250394526","https://openalex.org/W373390582","https://openalex.org/W1587690497","https://openalex.org/W1929409780","https://openalex.org/W1973905972","https://openalex.org/W1979560396","https://openalex.org/W2007692128","https://openalex.org/W2042774213","https://openalex.org/W2045275317","https://openalex.org/W2079484107","https://openalex.org/W2082341351","https://openalex.org/W2114658553","https://openalex.org/W2133723499","https://openalex.org/W2142673432","https://openalex.org/W2158101721","https://openalex.org/W2290400889","https://openalex.org/W2322499013","https://openalex.org/W2325784639","https://openalex.org/W3148408205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W281688787","https://openalex.org/W2792430910","https://openalex.org/W1986392383","https://openalex.org/W2088620347","https://openalex.org/W2048652797","https://openalex.org/W1527065438","https://openalex.org/W2084196103","https://openalex.org/W1979075512","https://openalex.org/W1585531304","https://openalex.org/W2099133308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Columns":[1,18],"of":[2,19,30,33,56,66,78,97,103,112,149],"calcium":[3],"alginate":[4,47,86],"gel":[5],"pellets":[6,20,42,70],"have":[7],"excellent":[8],"physical":[9],"properties":[10],"when":[11,109],"used":[12,90],"as":[13,136],"a":[14],"cell":[15,110,150],"immobilization":[16,92,130],"support.":[17],"were":[21,43],"very":[22],"resistant":[23],"to":[24,137],"compression":[25,51],"and":[26,48,53,61,87,93,146],"abrasion":[27],"during":[28,106],"passage":[29],"high":[31,36,142],"concentrations":[32,89],"sucrose":[34,67],"at":[35],"flow":[37,54],"rates,":[38],"but":[39,118],"if":[40],"the":[41,57,69,76,85,95,113],"formed":[44],"using":[45,124],"low":[46,147],"Ca2+":[49,88],"concentrations,":[50],"occurred":[52,105],"out":[55],"column":[58],"was":[59,71],"reduced":[60],"pressure":[62],"built":[63],"up.":[64],"Transfer":[65],"into":[68],"controlled":[72],"by":[73,82,94,123],"internal":[74],"diffusion,":[75],"rate":[77],"diffusion":[79],"being":[80],"increased":[81],"reductions":[83],"in":[84],"for":[91],"presence":[96],"entrapped":[98,114],"active":[99],"cells.":[100],"Some":[101],"leakage":[102,119],"cells":[104,115],"use":[107],"especially":[108],"division":[111],"took":[116],"place,":[117],"could":[120],"be":[121,133],"minimized":[122],"more":[125],"highly":[126],"polymerized":[127],"pellets.":[128],"Therefore,":[129],"conditions":[131],"can":[132],"chosen":[134],"so":[135],"form":[138],"strong":[139],"pellets,":[140],"possessing":[141],"substrate":[143],"transfer":[144],"rates":[145,148],"leakage.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}