{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000591064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","title":"Natural Kinds and Freaks of Nature","display_name":"Natural Kinds and Freaks of Nature","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000591064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","mag":"2000591064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/289035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147691735","display_name":"Philosophy of Science","issn_l":"0031-8248","issn":["0031-8248","1539-767X","1540-4684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060853827","display_name":"Evan M. Fales","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Evan Fales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy University of Iowa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy University of Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060853827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89377639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-kinds","display_name":"natural kinds","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essentialism","display_name":"essentialism","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/borderline-cases","display_name":"borderline cases","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-locke","display_name":"John Locke","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-taxonomy","display_name":"biological taxonomy","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-structure","display_name":"complex structure","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-particles","display_name":"elementary particles","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153683151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391156","display_name":"Essentialism","level":2,"score":0.9675452709197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.7575665712356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.7473187446594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.7130159139633179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780834244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3356722","display_name":"Natural kind","level":3,"score":0.5269421339035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5024850368499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3922424912452698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.15804141759872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.11303824186325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.10494020581245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/289035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/289035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147691735","display_name":"Philosophy of Science","issn_l":"0031-8248","issn":["0031-8248","1539-767X","1540-4684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Philosophy of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516748551","https://openalex.org/W1968034448","https://openalex.org/W2007993714","https://openalex.org/W2008083428","https://openalex.org/W2013360684","https://openalex.org/W2050570737","https://openalex.org/W2051080577","https://openalex.org/W2058856882","https://openalex.org/W2063725525","https://openalex.org/W2076463287","https://openalex.org/W2094409931","https://openalex.org/W2131999674","https://openalex.org/W2143512765","https://openalex.org/W2334569681","https://openalex.org/W2339007761","https://openalex.org/W2346370963","https://openalex.org/W2549863953","https://openalex.org/W2735843081","https://openalex.org/W4233787199","https://openalex.org/W4242257425","https://openalex.org/W6606762648","https://openalex.org/W6693317743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138642197","https://openalex.org/W2490481324","https://openalex.org/W2363737792","https://openalex.org/W2480267731","https://openalex.org/W1575172256","https://openalex.org/W2058672410","https://openalex.org/W944743985","https://openalex.org/W2692077091","https://openalex.org/W1984440683","https://openalex.org/W3030697564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Essentialism\u2014understood":[0],"as":[1,22],"the":[2,14,20,32,35,62],"doctrine":[3],"that":[4,81],"there":[5],"are":[6,76],"natural":[7,38],"kinds\u2014can":[8],"be":[9],"sustained":[10],"with":[11],"respect":[12],"to":[13,55,72],"most":[15],"fundamental":[16],"physical":[17],"entities":[18],"of":[19,34,37,45,53,64,69,93],"world,":[21],"I":[23,29,49,79],"elsewhere":[24],"argue.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper":[28],"take":[30],"up":[31],"question":[33],"existence":[36,63],"kinds":[39],"among":[40],"complex":[41],"structures":[42],"built":[43],"out":[44],"these":[46],"elementary":[47],"ones.":[48],"consider":[50],"a":[51,90],"number":[52,68],"objections":[54],"essentialism,":[56],"in":[57],"particular":[58],"Locke's":[59],"puzzle":[60],"about":[61],"borderline":[65],"cases.":[66],"A":[67],"recent":[70],"attempts":[71],"justify":[73],"biological":[74],"taxonomy":[75],"critically":[77],"examined.":[78],"conclude":[80],"theory":[82],"partially":[83],"justifies":[84],"such":[85],"taxonomies":[86],"but":[87],"supports":[88],"only":[89],"weaker":[91],"form":[92],"essentialism.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}