{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000554439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","title":"A History of Distributed Mapping","display_name":"A History of Distributed Mapping","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000554439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","mag":"2000554439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14714/cp35.836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","pdf_url":"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/download/cp35-crampton/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168636","display_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","issn_l":"1048-9053","issn":["1048-9053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405266293","host_organization_name":"North American Cartographic Information Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266293"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/download/cp35-crampton/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085809929","display_name":"Jeremy W. Crampton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-0430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-0430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy W. Crampton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Earth Science\nGeorge Mason University\nFairfax, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Earth Science\nGeorge Mason University\nFairfax, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085809929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4892,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96190392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"35","first_page":"48","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.04919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-mapping","display_name":"distributed mapping","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cartography","display_name":"history of cartography","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-cartography","display_name":"digital cartography","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-systems","display_name":"geographic information systems","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/map-archives","display_name":"map archives","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24733836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649186","display_name":"Web mapping","level":4,"score":0.5975425243377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.514987051486969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5077449083328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120938966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275845","display_name":"Digital Earth","level":2,"score":0.4959779679775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144430266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721","display_name":"Interactivity","level":2,"score":0.48310208320617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.46705305576324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.46045947074890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.4168151915073395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4136788547039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4058203101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3110721707344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.11082309484481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14714/cp35.836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","pdf_url":"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/download/cp35-crampton/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168636","display_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","issn_l":"1048-9053","issn":["1048-9053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405266293","host_organization_name":"North American Cartographic Information Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266293"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.14714/cp35.836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14714/cp35.836","pdf_url":"https://cartographicperspectives.org/index.php/journal/article/download/cp35-crampton/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168636","display_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","issn_l":"1048-9053","issn":["1048-9053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405266293","host_organization_name":"North American Cartographic Information Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266293"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cartographic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000554439.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000554439.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135790322","https://openalex.org/W142083264","https://openalex.org/W207221190","https://openalex.org/W570234354","https://openalex.org/W1483924885","https://openalex.org/W1512977524","https://openalex.org/W1549469925","https://openalex.org/W1592182057","https://openalex.org/W1597750586","https://openalex.org/W1607838784","https://openalex.org/W1704016198","https://openalex.org/W1964699975","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1991495964","https://openalex.org/W1993279741","https://openalex.org/W2016821879","https://openalex.org/W2019936880","https://openalex.org/W2025832018","https://openalex.org/W2031325631","https://openalex.org/W2045579356","https://openalex.org/W2047615172","https://openalex.org/W2051713960","https://openalex.org/W2052703701","https://openalex.org/W2058686534","https://openalex.org/W2058865539","https://openalex.org/W2068173205","https://openalex.org/W2077724817","https://openalex.org/W2083752629","https://openalex.org/W2095361579","https://openalex.org/W2096565753","https://openalex.org/W2100347685","https://openalex.org/W2109437898","https://openalex.org/W2120433098","https://openalex.org/W2130827931","https://openalex.org/W2145351978","https://openalex.org/W2152286717","https://openalex.org/W2161135226","https://openalex.org/W2167532523","https://openalex.org/W2313241962","https://openalex.org/W2321139069","https://openalex.org/W2499336215","https://openalex.org/W2570696737","https://openalex.org/W3003679168","https://openalex.org/W4230532197","https://openalex.org/W4233597823","https://openalex.org/W4234379381","https://openalex.org/W4246352623","https://openalex.org/W4298412195","https://openalex.org/W6982034048","https://openalex.org/W7020825010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100190324","https://openalex.org/W188600842","https://openalex.org/W1991369046","https://openalex.org/W2063754659","https://openalex.org/W6980457655","https://openalex.org/W4250747441","https://openalex.org/W3115783360","https://openalex.org/W7223608322","https://openalex.org/W2266752413","https://openalex.org/W7071972372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"My":[0],"intent":[1],"in":[2,15,101,114,124,151],"this":[3],"paper":[4],"is":[5,33,140],"to":[6,149,176],"answer":[7],"two":[8],"questions:":[9],"what":[10],"were":[11],"the":[12,16,40,43,61,67,75,102,108,115,121,127,133,136,162,167,171,209],"principal":[13],"events":[14],"development":[17,28],"of":[18,26,36,42,63,77,92,104,111,129,143,157,161,170],"distributed":[19,112,177,193,214],"mapping,":[20,178],"and":[21,48,82,88,126,154],"how":[22],"should":[23],"a":[24,34,53,141],"narrative":[25],"its":[27],"be":[29],"written?":[30],"Distributed":[31],"mapping":[32,113,119,194],"mode":[35],"cartography":[37,58],"arising":[38],"from":[39,132,195],"convergence":[41],"World":[44,163],"Wide":[45,164],"Web,":[46],"GIS,":[47],"digital":[49],"cartography.":[50],"It":[51],"marks":[52],"significant":[54],"break":[55],"with":[56,146,201],"traditional":[57],"because":[59],"(1)":[60],"set":[62],"rules":[64],"that":[65],"shape":[66],"map":[68],"archive":[69],"are":[70,84,94],"being":[71],"fundamentally":[72],"altered;":[73],"(2)":[74],"distributivity":[76],"spatial":[78],"data,":[79],"their":[80],"analysis":[81],"visualization":[83],"at":[85],"unprecedented":[86],"levels;":[87],"(3)":[89],"new":[90],"forms":[91],"interactivity":[93],"emerging.":[95],"After":[96],"discussing":[97],"some":[98],"theoretical":[99],"issues":[100,212],"history":[103],"cartography,":[105,181],"I":[106,207],"locate":[107],"multiple":[109,155],"origins":[110],"work":[116],"on":[117],"animated":[118],"during":[120,166],"quantitative":[122],"revolution":[123],"geography":[125,197],"availability":[128],"computing":[130],"power":[131],"1960s":[134],"through":[135],"1980s.":[137],"The":[138,159],"technology":[139],"series":[142],"non-deterministic":[144],"negotiations":[145],"resistance":[147],"leading":[148],"delays":[150],"implementation,":[152],"back-tracking,":[153],"avenues":[156],"exploration.":[158],"popularization":[160],"Web":[165],"latter":[168],"part":[169],"1990s":[172],"brought":[173],"commercial":[174],"attention":[175],"not":[179],"as":[180,183,198],"but":[182],"support":[184],"service":[185],"for":[186,213],"travel":[187],"sales":[188],"channels.":[189],"Commercialization":[190],"will":[191],"detach":[192],"academic":[196],"it":[199],"did":[200],"GIS":[202],"before":[203],"it.":[204],"In":[205],"conclusion,":[206],"outline":[208],"forseeable":[210],"research":[211],"mapping.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}