{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000552065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","title":"The Relationship between Learning Disability, Neurological Impairment, and Delinquency","display_name":"The Relationship between Learning Disability, Neurological Impairment, and Delinquency","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000552065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","mag":"2000552065","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7310390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13566964","display_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","issn_l":"0022-3018","issn":["0022-3018","1539-736X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055531667","display_name":"Otfried Spreen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"OTFRIED SPREEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 1700, Victori, British Columbia, Canda V8W 2Y2"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 1700, Victori, British Columbia, Canda V8W 2Y2","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055531667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82300885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"169","issue":"12","first_page":"791","last_page":"799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.48829999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.48829999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.24650000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.21580000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-deficit","display_name":"neurological deficit","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-damage","display_name":"brain damage","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescents","display_name":"adolescents","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-adults","display_name":"young adults","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-encounters","display_name":"police encounters","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-severity","display_name":"crime severity","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychological-assessment","display_name":"neuropsychological assessment","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.7232435941696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.7225885391235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.7068777680397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6801528930664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6111761927604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781458332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720026","display_name":"Brain damage","level":2,"score":0.54267418384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.46501806378364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.43028390407562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.4286979138851166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4171189069747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.39737898111343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2674274146556854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.19122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06522595882415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001925","descriptor_name":"Brain Damage, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001925","descriptor_name":"Brain Damage, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001925","descriptor_name":"Brain Damage, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003415","descriptor_name":"Crime","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003415","descriptor_name":"Crime","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003415","descriptor_name":"Crime","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007604","descriptor_name":"Juvenile Delinquency","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007604","descriptor_name":"Juvenile Delinquency","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007604","descriptor_name":"Juvenile Delinquency","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011581","descriptor_name":"Psychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011581","descriptor_name":"Psychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011581","descriptor_name":"Psychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019965","descriptor_name":"Neurocognitive Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198112000-00007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13566964","display_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","issn_l":"0022-3018","issn":["0022-3018","1539-736X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7310390","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7310390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of nervous and mental disease","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100971269","https://openalex.org/W2105226620","https://openalex.org/W2131018011","https://openalex.org/W1968088770","https://openalex.org/W2123914621","https://openalex.org/W572523817","https://openalex.org/W6927609469","https://openalex.org/W2165028515","https://openalex.org/W57475426","https://openalex.org/W2078710297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,22,44,73,107,121,154],"follow-up":[2],"study":[3,143],"of":[4,14,26,30,56,69,90,101,110,125,141,150,175,179,202],"203":[5],"adolescents":[6],"and":[7,16,29,39,51,66,83,159,161,167,196],"young":[8],"adults":[9],"who":[10],"between":[11,80,157,165],"the":[12,36,48,104,113,136,142,148,163,173,192],"age":[13],"8":[15],"12":[17],"had":[18],"been":[19],"referred":[20],"to":[21,191,197],"neuropsychology":[23],"clinic":[24],"because":[25],"learning":[27,91],"problems":[28],"52":[31],"control":[32,137],"subjects,":[33],"encounters":[34,102],"with":[35,47,52,103,147,162,184],"police,":[37],"offenses,":[38],"penalties":[40,129],"were":[41],"explored":[42],"through":[43],"structured":[45],"interview":[46],"former":[49],"clients":[50],"their":[53],"parents.":[54],"Subgrouping":[55],"learning-disabled":[57],"(LD)":[58,93],"subjects":[59],"into":[60],"brain":[61,64,70,81],"damage,":[62,65],"suggested":[63],"no":[67,78],"evidence":[68],"damage":[71,82],"in":[72,189],"neurological":[74,117,168,180,203],"examination":[75],"showed":[76],"that":[77],"association":[79,156,164],"delinquency":[84,160],"can":[85],"be":[86],"demonstrated.":[87],"The":[88,139],"presence":[89],"disability":[92],"generally":[94],"did":[95,119],"not":[96],"confirm":[97],"an":[98],"increased":[99],"likelihood":[100],"police":[105],"or":[106,135],"greater":[108],"number":[109,124],"offenses":[111],"although":[112],"LD":[114,158,166],"group":[115],"without":[116],"handicap":[118],"receive":[120],"slightly":[122],"higher":[123],"somewhat":[126],"more":[127],"severe":[128],"than":[130],"then":[131],"neurologically":[132],"handicapped":[133],"groups":[134],"group.":[138],"results":[140,149],"are":[144,187],"at":[145],"variance":[146],"retrospective":[151],"studies":[152,186],"demonstrating":[153],"close":[155],"disorder":[169],"frequently":[170],"assumed":[171],"on":[172],"basis":[174],"psychological":[176],"test":[177,198],"indicators":[178,201],"dysfunction.":[181],"These":[182],"discrepancies":[183],"previous":[185],"discussed":[188],"relation":[190],"prospective/retrospective":[193],"research":[194],"design":[195],"vs.":[199],"clinical":[200],"impairment.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
