{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000516423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","title":"Validation of a precision radiochromic film dosimetry system for quantitative two-dimensional imaging of acute exposure dose distributions","display_name":"Validation of a precision radiochromic film dosimetry system for quantitative two-dimensional imaging of acute exposure dose distributions","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000516423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","mag":"2000516423","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1290488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006270420","display_name":"J.F. Dempsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1318-9358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1318-9358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135078","display_name":"Washington University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c27j91","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135078"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James F. Dempsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA","Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I4210135078"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091674984","display_name":"Daniel A. Low","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9228","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9228"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel A. Low","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088968570","display_name":"Sasa Mutic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-9699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-9699"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasa Mutic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035542913","display_name":"Jerry Markman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Markman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057526853","display_name":"Assen S. Kirov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-3582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-3582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Assen S. Kirov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019595523","display_name":"Gilbert H. Nussbaum","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert H. Nussbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032752677","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Williamson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey F. Williamson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96766654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"10","first_page":"2462","last_page":"2475"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiochromic-film-dosimetry","display_name":"radiochromic film dosimetry","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-based-dosimetry","display_name":"image-based dosimetry","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hdr-brachytherapy","display_name":"high-dose-rate brachytherapy","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/192ir-source","display_name":"192Ir source","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel-averaging","display_name":"pixel averaging","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-dose-simulation","display_name":"Monte Carlo dose simulation","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization-chamber-comparison","display_name":"ionization chamber comparison","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.9101030230522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45586990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189804","display_name":"Densitometer","level":2,"score":0.6836134195327759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4910266399383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63007395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122891","display_name":"Dose profile","level":3,"score":0.47527164220809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4674079716205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4619444012641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.44753363728523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4438513517379761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105636585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303665","display_name":"Dosimeter","level":3,"score":0.4291726052761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.41161197423934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3335379958152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3171682357788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17246019840240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08381900191307068}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001918","descriptor_name":"Brachytherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005373","descriptor_name":"Film Dosimetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005373","descriptor_name":"Film Dosimetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005373","descriptor_name":"Film Dosimetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011882","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy, High-Energy","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014962","descriptor_name":"X-Ray Film","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017785","descriptor_name":"Photons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020266","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy, Conformal","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1290488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1290488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11099217","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8243111163","display_name":"HETEROGENEITY CORRECTIONS IN BRACHYTHERAPY DOSIMETRY","funder_award_id":"R01CA046640","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309603","display_name":"Varian Medical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/05yab6874"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963701668","https://openalex.org/W1963814224","https://openalex.org/W1965081296","https://openalex.org/W1968492662","https://openalex.org/W1969284434","https://openalex.org/W1969578079","https://openalex.org/W1970356797","https://openalex.org/W1973285411","https://openalex.org/W1974045048","https://openalex.org/W1974803232","https://openalex.org/W1976682831","https://openalex.org/W1977246356","https://openalex.org/W1977433977","https://openalex.org/W1980131753","https://openalex.org/W1980858075","https://openalex.org/W1982520277","https://openalex.org/W1986539401","https://openalex.org/W1986567402","https://openalex.org/W1987040125","https://openalex.org/W1987101024","https://openalex.org/W1989054237","https://openalex.org/W1989429494","https://openalex.org/W1990827058","https://openalex.org/W1992010822","https://openalex.org/W1992324769","https://openalex.org/W1993195733","https://openalex.org/W1994698288","https://openalex.org/W1999301886","https://openalex.org/W2006053032","https://openalex.org/W2007278864","https://openalex.org/W2008290114","https://openalex.org/W2010755685","https://openalex.org/W2012021350","https://openalex.org/W2012744421","https://openalex.org/W2013567442","https://openalex.org/W2014365147","https://openalex.org/W2014898738","https://openalex.org/W2021368380","https://openalex.org/W2021423058","https://openalex.org/W2027077144","https://openalex.org/W2028096493","https://openalex.org/W2031019649","https://openalex.org/W2032385593","https://openalex.org/W2032535203","https://openalex.org/W2033554918","https://openalex.org/W2035913689","https://openalex.org/W2040995143","https://openalex.org/W2041191628","https://openalex.org/W2043484409","https://openalex.org/W2043513715","https://openalex.org/W2044652292","https://openalex.org/W2057406347","https://openalex.org/W2058458089","https://openalex.org/W2060499041","https://openalex.org/W2060721519","https://openalex.org/W2061104216","https://openalex.org/W2061150871","https://openalex.org/W2063325841","https://openalex.org/W2064419667","https://openalex.org/W2064791074","https://openalex.org/W2068195041","https://openalex.org/W2068661005","https://openalex.org/W2071839770","https://openalex.org/W2072251013","https://openalex.org/W2074783229","https://openalex.org/W2074800095","https://openalex.org/W2074883379","https://openalex.org/W2080167926","https://openalex.org/W2084929474","https://openalex.org/W2085939268","https://openalex.org/W2090968305","https://openalex.org/W2095185176","https://openalex.org/W2100520139","https://openalex.org/W2102904513","https://openalex.org/W2133801538","https://openalex.org/W2155111756","https://openalex.org/W2162731506","https://openalex.org/W2166698761","https://openalex.org/W2171902084","https://openalex.org/W2331719001","https://openalex.org/W2401168882","https://openalex.org/W2409296290","https://openalex.org/W2436006243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092860581","https://openalex.org/W1034356664","https://openalex.org/W2413400754","https://openalex.org/W1568066639","https://openalex.org/W2084929474","https://openalex.org/W1535319784","https://openalex.org/W3091236629","https://openalex.org/W1002994205","https://openalex.org/W1491673700","https://openalex.org/W4416933142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,132],"present":[1,133],"an":[2,44,250],"evaluation":[3],"of":[4,9,54,79,99,105,128,147,168,266,317,322,329,346,361,369],"the":[5,126,144,160,165,182,200,344,347,367],"precision":[6,51,207,342,345],"and":[7,26,52,71,107,137,157,223,249,278,283,292,294,343],"accuracy":[8,53,229],"image-based":[10,80],"radiochromic":[11],"film":[12,188],"(RCF)":[13],"dosimetry":[14,56,64,82,93,146],"performed":[15],"using":[16,208,230],"a":[17,27,95,134,186,259,315,334,358],"commercial":[18,28],"RCF":[19,62,81,92,100,135,206,226,237],"product":[20],"(Gafchromic":[21],"MD-55-2,":[22],"Nuclear":[23],"Associates,":[24],"Inc.)":[25,42],"high-spatial":[29],"resolution":[30],"(100":[31],"microm":[32,308],"pixel":[33],"size)":[34],"He-Ne":[35],"scanning-laser":[36,187],"film-digitizer":[37],"(Personal":[38],"Densitometer,":[39],"Molecular":[40],"Dynamics,":[41],"as":[43,121,123],"optical":[45],"density":[46],"(OD)":[47],"imaging":[48,63,113,184],"system.":[49],"The":[50],"this":[55,209,231],"system":[57],"are":[58],"evaluated":[59,212,234],"by":[60,164,235,314,339],"performing":[61],"in":[65,125,170,199,366],"well":[66],"characterized":[67],"conformal":[68,246],"external":[69],"beam":[70],"brachytherapy":[72,261],"high":[73,129,148],"dose-rate":[74],"(HDR)":[75,151],"radiation":[76,152],"fields.":[77],"Benchmarking":[78],"is":[83,179,353],"necessary":[84],"due":[85],"to":[86,91,191,239,289,300,305,319,350],"many":[87],"potential":[88],"errors":[89,120],"inherent":[90],"including:":[94],"temperature-dependent":[96],"time":[97],"evolution":[98],"dose":[101,149,228,324,330,348],"response;":[102],"nonuniform":[103],"response":[104],"RCF;":[106],"optical-polarization":[108],"artifacts.":[109],"In":[110],"addition,":[111],"laser-densitometer":[112],"artifacts":[114,194],"can":[115],"produce":[116],"systematic":[117],"OD":[118,130,183,193],"measurement":[119],"large":[122],"35%":[124],"presence":[127],"gradients.":[131],"exposure":[136],"readout":[138],"protocol":[139,155],"that":[140,195],"was":[141,211,233],"developed":[142],"for":[143,245,258,274,285,296],"accurate":[145,336],"rate":[150],"sources.":[153,373],"This":[154],"follows":[156],"expands":[158],"upon":[159],"guidelines":[161],"set":[162],"forth":[163],"American":[166],"Association":[167],"Physicists":[169],"Medicine":[171],"(AAPM)":[172],"Task":[173,202],"Group":[174,203],"55":[175,204],"report.":[176,205],"Particular":[177],"attention":[178],"focused":[180],"on":[181],"system,":[185],"digitizer,":[189],"modified":[190],"eliminate":[192],"were":[196,270],"not":[197],"addressed":[198],"AAPM":[201],"technique":[210,232],"with":[213,333],"films":[214,269],"given":[215],"uniform":[216],"6":[217],"MV":[218],"x-ray":[219],"doses":[220,275,287,298],"between":[221,276,281],"1":[222,290],"200":[224,301],"Gy.":[225,302],"absolute":[227,323],"comparing":[236],"measurements":[238,244],"small":[240],"volume":[241],"ionization":[242],"chamber":[243],"external-beam":[247],"sources":[248],"experimentally":[251],"validated":[252],"Monte":[253],"Carlo":[254],"photon-transport":[255],"simulation":[256],"code":[257],"192Ir":[260],"source.":[262],"Pixel-to-pixel":[263],"standard":[264,312],"deviations":[265,313],"uniformly":[267],"irradiated":[268],"less":[271],"than":[272],"1%":[273,282,293],"10":[277],"150":[279],"Gy;":[280],"5%":[284],"lower":[286],"down":[288],"Gy":[291],"1.5%":[295],"higher":[297],"up":[299],"Pixel":[303],"averaging":[304],"form":[306],"200-800":[307],"pixels":[309],"reduces":[310],"these":[311],"factor":[316],"2":[318],"5.":[320],"Comparisons":[321],"show":[325],"agreement":[326],"within":[327],"1.5%-4%":[328],"benchmarks,":[331],"consistent":[332],"highly":[335],"dosimeter":[337],"limited":[338],"its":[340,364],"observed":[341],"standards":[349],"which":[351],"it":[352],"compared.":[354],"These":[355],"results":[356],"provide":[357],"comprehensive":[359],"benchmarking":[360],"RCF,":[362],"enabling":[363],"use":[365],"commissioning":[368],"novel":[370],"HDR":[371],"therapy":[372]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}