{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000484711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","title":"Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilisation: A review","display_name":"Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilisation: A review","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000484711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","mag":"2000484711","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18367391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19266977","display_name":"Waste Management","issn_l":"0956-053X","issn":["0956-053X","1879-2456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Waste Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2000484711"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030162973","display_name":"Qicong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3705-0777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3705-0777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Q.Y. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China. qychen@dhu.edu.cn","School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China. qychen@dhu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006556487","display_name":"Mark Tyrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-895X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-895X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tyrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 4AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 4AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021745008","display_name":"Colin D. Hills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5887-5350","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5887-5350"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.D. Hills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Contaminated Land Remediation, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Contaminated Land Remediation, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033298702","display_name":"Xiaojie Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"X.M. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108484692","display_name":"Paula J. Carey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Carey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Contaminated Land Remediation, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Contaminated Land Remediation, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030162973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"],"apc_list":{"value":4450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":727,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"390","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.17630000412464142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.027699999511241913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-immobilization","display_name":"heavy metal immobilization","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-hydration","display_name":"cement hydration","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tricalcium-silicate","display_name":"tricalcium silicate","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-silicate-hydrate-gel","display_name":"calcium silicate hydrate gel","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/29si-mas-nmr","display_name":"29Si MAS NMR","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorption","display_name":"sorption","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation-chemistry","display_name":"precipitation chemistry","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaching","display_name":"leaching","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-modeling","display_name":"thermodynamic modeling","score":0.7319999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.8657422661781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301805","display_name":"Portlandite","level":4,"score":0.7701557874679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779850335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3791889","display_name":"Calcium silicate hydrate","level":3,"score":0.7252525687217712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.5655468702316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.5489426851272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.5444629192352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.49752333760261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199164860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822745","display_name":"Metal ions in aqueous solution","level":3,"score":0.48233672976493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4461546540260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777335606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7130787","display_name":"Silicate","level":2,"score":0.4380709230899811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4009873569011688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37084531784057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.32477495074272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.13072019815444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.07574498653411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.06819012761116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003252","descriptor_name":"Construction Materials","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004787","descriptor_name":"Environmental Pollution","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012037","descriptor_name":"Refuse Disposal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19266977","display_name":"Waste Management","issn_l":"0956-053X","issn":["0956-053X","1879-2456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Waste Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18367391","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18367391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Waste management (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:13574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/13574/1/13574_Hills_Immobilisation_of_heavy_metal_%28pub_PDF%29_2009.pdf","pdf_url":"http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/13574/1/13574_Hills_Immobilisation_of_heavy_metal_%28pub_PDF%29_2009.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:1557","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/1557/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/eee33e89-cf62-4109-9717-40b27b02cada","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/eee33e89-cf62-4109-9717-40b27b02cada","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chen, QY, Tyrer, M, Hills, C D, Yang, XM & Carey, P 2009, 'Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification/stabilisation: a review', Waste Management, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 390-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.019","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10696545","https://openalex.org/W25559724","https://openalex.org/W44489572","https://openalex.org/W80509885","https://openalex.org/W236462570","https://openalex.org/W255426991","https://openalex.org/W300008751","https://openalex.org/W327430830","https://openalex.org/W1489686932","https://openalex.org/W1586244486","https://openalex.org/W1598577604","https://openalex.org/W1607401957","https://openalex.org/W1892985005","https://openalex.org/W1963519661","https://openalex.org/W1963997221","https://openalex.org/W1968457708","https://openalex.org/W1969706622","https://openalex.org/W1970778539","https://openalex.org/W1970790326","https://openalex.org/W1973595193","https://openalex.org/W1974054595","https://openalex.org/W1974832950","https://openalex.org/W1975343134","https://openalex.org/W1976846073","https://openalex.org/W1977125808","https://openalex.org/W1984299339","https://openalex.org/W1987706972","https://openalex.org/W1987955890","https://openalex.org/W1988565768","https://openalex.org/W1988767448","https://openalex.org/W1992098911","https://openalex.org/W1993505878","https://openalex.org/W1994146142","https://openalex.org/W1994362587","https://openalex.org/W1994422386","https://openalex.org/W1995238422","https://openalex.org/W1997968139","https://openalex.org/W1999638810","https://openalex.org/W2000455558","https://openalex.org/W2001629185","https://openalex.org/W2001672307","https://openalex.org/W2001799316","https://openalex.org/W2003338356","https://openalex.org/W2003986584","https://openalex.org/W2004484033","https://openalex.org/W2006551322","https://openalex.org/W2007499470","https://openalex.org/W2007917081","https://openalex.org/W2011112487","https://openalex.org/W2013501374","https://openalex.org/W2016367291","https://openalex.org/W2016836307","https://openalex.org/W2017451307","https://openalex.org/W2020679825","https://openalex.org/W2022614856","https://openalex.org/W2023298246","https://openalex.org/W2026154667","https://openalex.org/W2026552555","https://openalex.org/W2028366780","https://openalex.org/W2028778289","https://openalex.org/W2030821745","https://openalex.org/W2031005405","https://openalex.org/W2031008905","https://openalex.org/W2032775023","https://openalex.org/W2034533313","https://openalex.org/W2040454878","https://openalex.org/W2045351814","https://openalex.org/W2047040354","https://openalex.org/W2047738384","https://openalex.org/W2052316051","https://openalex.org/W2052831009","https://openalex.org/W2053907306","https://openalex.org/W2055004341","https://openalex.org/W2055888395","https://openalex.org/W2056442166","https://openalex.org/W2060574676","https://openalex.org/W2061331568","https://openalex.org/W2061344619","https://openalex.org/W2062414844","https://openalex.org/W2065344302","https://openalex.org/W2066548578","https://openalex.org/W2067370052","https://openalex.org/W2067712687","https://openalex.org/W2071173174","https://openalex.org/W2072089722","https://openalex.org/W2072355433","https://openalex.org/W2074936190","https://openalex.org/W2075272544","https://openalex.org/W2076253529","https://openalex.org/W2077022879","https://openalex.org/W2077545019","https://openalex.org/W2078103858","https://openalex.org/W2080941281","https://openalex.org/W2082291705","https://openalex.org/W2084706686","https://openalex.org/W2087123513","https://openalex.org/W2089097992","https://openalex.org/W2091558185","https://openalex.org/W2093740575","https://openalex.org/W2094462449","https://openalex.org/W2094795579","https://openalex.org/W2114782414","https://openalex.org/W2116236075","https://openalex.org/W2117184409","https://openalex.org/W2127690540","https://openalex.org/W2128602790","https://openalex.org/W2128978181","https://openalex.org/W2132188171","https://openalex.org/W2134003176","https://openalex.org/W2149378647","https://openalex.org/W2149775083","https://openalex.org/W2152651885","https://openalex.org/W2153947164","https://openalex.org/W2155542224","https://openalex.org/W2155769657","https://openalex.org/W2163021314","https://openalex.org/W2165317460","https://openalex.org/W2167296001","https://openalex.org/W2178496409","https://openalex.org/W2315648583","https://openalex.org/W2329245891","https://openalex.org/W2573624349","https://openalex.org/W4254437392","https://openalex.org/W6600561556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W922608971","https://openalex.org/W2573624349","https://openalex.org/W7164494955","https://openalex.org/W2120171388","https://openalex.org/W2513133677","https://openalex.org/W2075183964","https://openalex.org/W2022347638","https://openalex.org/W2596249208","https://openalex.org/W2338753795","https://openalex.org/W4367314983"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}