{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000460705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","title":"2 \u2013 20 ns interframe time 2-frame 6.151keV x-ray imaging on the recently upgraded Z Accelerator: A progress report","display_name":"2 \u2013 20 ns interframe time 2-frame 6.151keV x-ray imaging on the recently upgraded Z Accelerator: A progress report","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000460705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","mag":"2000460705","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19044569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2956823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31010182","display_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","issn_l":"0034-6748","issn":["0034-6748","1089-7623","1527-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035461306","display_name":"Guy R. Bennett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. R. Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017942517","display_name":"I. C. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. C. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062520629","display_name":"J. E. Shores","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. E. Shores","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044806325","display_name":"Daniel B. Sinars","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3532"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. B. Sinars","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011252864","display_name":"G. K. Robertson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043235591","display_name":"Briggs W. Atherton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. W. Atherton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045351406","display_name":"Michael C. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-147X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-147X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102896764","display_name":"J. L. Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-6621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-6621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. L. Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73079966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"10","first_page":"10E914","last_page":"10E914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10384","display_name":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10384","display_name":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11920","display_name":"Pulsed Power Technology Applications","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"radiography","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/z-accelerator","display_name":"Z accelerator","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-confinement-fusion","display_name":"inertial confinement fusion","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implosion-diagnostics","display_name":"implosion diagnostics","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wire-array-implosion","display_name":"wire array implosion","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-absorption","display_name":"laser absorption","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-energy-density-physics","display_name":"high energy density physics","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778921489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431014","display_name":"National Ignition Facility","level":4,"score":0.8612856864929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.790236234664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107430045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364409","display_name":"Inertial confinement fusion","level":3,"score":0.7417393922805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6371666193008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.46234574913978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4485458731651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4428277909755707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21368211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863","display_name":"Synchrotron","level":2,"score":0.4386642575263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180048950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836828","display_name":"Linear particle accelerator","level":3,"score":0.4138130247592926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2065543830394745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.2007831633090973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09945431351661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2956823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2956823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31010182","display_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","issn_l":"0034-6748","issn":["0034-6748","1089-7623","1527-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Scientific Instruments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19044569","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19044569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of scientific instruments","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992452421","https://openalex.org/W2030093213","https://openalex.org/W2064100668","https://openalex.org/W2075433084","https://openalex.org/W2088101042","https://openalex.org/W2089249287","https://openalex.org/W2091821960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075433084","https://openalex.org/W2036901466","https://openalex.org/W2014632352","https://openalex.org/W2091821960","https://openalex.org/W2417075524","https://openalex.org/W3214527010","https://openalex.org/W2762893117","https://openalex.org/W3135171139","https://openalex.org/W2330113213","https://openalex.org/W3194087280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"used":[1,191,246],"for":[2,87,192,231,272],"the":[3,21,42,130,150,161,182,186,193,199,213,219,223,228,232,277,286,329,336,353],"production":[4],"of":[5,48,77,175,185],"an":[6,111,143,171],"x-ray":[7,297,311],"imaging":[8,166],"backlighter":[9],"source":[10],"on":[11,110,235],"Sandia":[12],"National":[13],"Laboratories'":[14],"recently":[15,104,244],"upgraded":[16],"26":[17],"MA":[18],"Z":[19,85,162],"Accelerator,":[20],"terawatt-class,":[22],"multikilojoule,":[23],"526.57":[24],"nm":[25],"Z-Beamlet":[26],"laser":[27,270,274],"(ZBL)":[28],"[P.":[29],"K.":[30],"Rambo":[31],"et":[32,56,67,121,319],"al.,":[33,57,68,122,320],"Appl.":[34],"Opt.":[35],"44,":[36],"2421":[37],"(2005)],":[38],"in":[39,160,276],"conjunction":[40],"with":[41,170,206,210,266,347],"6.151":[43,238],"keV":[44,239,290],"(1s(2)-1s2p":[45],"triplet":[46],"line":[47],"He-like":[49],"Mn)":[50],"curved-crystal":[51],"imager":[52],"[D.":[53],"B.":[54],"Sinars":[55],"Rev.":[58,69,124,321],"Sci.":[59,70,322],"Instrum.":[60,71,323],"75,":[61],"3672":[62],"(2004);":[63],"G.":[64],"R.":[65,119,317],"Bennett":[66,120,318],"77,":[72,324],"10E322":[73,325],"(2006)],":[74],"is":[75,313],"capable":[76],"providing":[78],"a":[79,135,253,300,348],"high":[80],"quality":[81],"x":[82],"radiograph":[83],"per":[84],"shot":[86],"inertial":[88],"confinement":[89],"fusion":[90],"(ICF),":[91],"complex":[92],"hydrodynamics,":[93],"and":[94,156,333],"other":[95,281],"high-energy-density":[96],"physics":[97],"experiments.":[98],"For":[99],"example,":[100],"this":[101],"diagnostic":[102,259],"has":[103,149,243],"afforded":[105],"microgram-scale":[106],"mass":[107],"perturbation":[108,131],"measurements":[109],"imploding":[112,249],"ignition-scale":[113],"1":[114],"mg":[115],"ICF":[116],"capsule":[117],"[G.":[118,316],"Phys.":[123],"Lett.":[125],"99,":[126],"205003":[127],"(2007)],":[128],"where":[129],"was":[132],"initiated":[133],"by":[134],"surrogate":[136],"deuterium-tritium":[137],"(DT)":[138],"fuel":[139],"fill":[140],"tube.":[141],"Using":[142],"angle-time":[144],"multiplexing":[145,179],"technique,":[146],"ZBL":[147],"now":[148],"capability":[151],"to":[152,167,189,212,247,264,295,327,331],"provide":[153],"two":[154,194,203,240],"spatially":[155],"temporally":[157],"separated":[158],"foci":[159],"chamber,":[163],"allowing":[164],"\"two-frame\"":[165],"be":[168,190,262],"performed,":[169],"interframe":[172,256],"time":[173],"range":[174],"2-20":[176],"ns.":[177],"This":[178],"technique":[180,242],"allows":[181],"full":[183],"area":[184],"four-pass":[187],"amplifiers":[188,200],"pulses,":[195],"rather":[196],"than":[197,268],"split":[198],"effectively":[201],"into":[202],"rectangular":[204],"sections,":[205],"one":[207],"leg":[208],"delayed":[209],"respect":[211],"other,":[214],"which":[215],"would":[216],"otherwise":[217],"double":[218],"power":[220],"imposed":[221],"onto":[222],"various":[224],"optics":[225],"thereby":[226],"halving":[227],"damage":[229],"threshold,":[230],"same":[233],"irradiance":[234],"target.":[236],"The":[237,258],"frame":[241],"been":[245],"image":[248,344],"wire":[250],"arrays,":[251],"using":[252],"7.3":[254],"ns":[255,307],"time.":[257],"will":[260],"soon":[261],"converted":[263],"operate":[265],"p-rather":[267],"s-polarized":[269],"light":[271],"enhanced":[273],"absorption":[275],"Mn":[278,291],"foil,":[279],"plus":[280],"changes":[282],"(e.g.,":[283],"operation":[284],"at":[285],"possibly":[287],"brighter":[288],"6.181":[289],"1s(2)-1s2p":[292],"singlet":[293],"line),":[294],"increase":[296],"yields.":[298],"Also,":[299],"highly":[301],"sensitive":[302],"inline":[303],"multiframe":[304],"ultrafast":[305],"(1":[306],"gate":[308],"time)":[309],"digital":[310],"camera":[312],"being":[314],"developed":[315],"(2006)]":[326],"extend":[328],"system":[330],"\"four-frame\"":[332],"markedly":[334],"improve":[335],"signal-to-noise":[337],"ratio.":[338],"[At":[339],"present,":[340],"time-integrating":[341],"Fuji":[342,349],"BAS-TR2025":[343],"plate":[345],"(scanned":[346],"BAS-5000":[350],"device)":[351],"forms":[352],"time-integrated":[354],"image-plane":[355],"detector.].":[356]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}