{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000439608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","title":"Temperature-and-Field Emission of Electrons from Metals","display_name":"Temperature-and-Field Emission of Electrons from Metals","publication_year":1954,"publication_date":"1954-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000439608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","mag":"2000439608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrev.95.327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54862371","display_name":"Physical Review","issn_l":"0031-899X","issn":["0031-899X","1536-6065"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012790177","display_name":"W. W. Dolan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74054363","display_name":"Linfield College","ror":"https://ror.org/0228k1a18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74054363"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. W. Dolan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74054363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041076174","display_name":"Walter P. Dyke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74054363","display_name":"Linfield College","ror":"https://ror.org/0228k1a18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74054363"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. P. Dyke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, Linfield College, McMinnville, Oregon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74054363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74054363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95658537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"2","first_page":"327","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12077","display_name":"Vacuum and Plasma Arcs","score":0.28780001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12077","display_name":"Vacuum and Plasma Arcs","score":0.28780001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.2858999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11175","display_name":"Gyrotron and Vacuum Electronics Research","score":0.2759000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermionic-emission","display_name":"thermionic emission","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-emission","display_name":"field emission","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-emission-from-metals","display_name":"electron emission from metals","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-function","display_name":"work function","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-density","display_name":"current density","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-electron-theory","display_name":"free electron theory","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-force","display_name":"image force","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fowler-nordheim-equation","display_name":"Fowler-Nordheim equation","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richardson-equation","display_name":"Richardson equation","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-temperature-emission","display_name":"high-temperature emission","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-arc","display_name":"vacuum arc","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-electric-field","display_name":"surface electric field","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121029787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902877","display_name":"Field electron emission","level":3,"score":0.8315372467041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143979616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215259","display_name":"Thermionic emission","level":3,"score":0.7935023307800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.6805645823478699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115235246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783800","display_name":"Work function","level":3,"score":0.6694034337997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6535746455192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.5548285245895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.5122987031936646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5001065731048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40308292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122518","display_name":"Plane wave","level":2,"score":0.4427710771560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98009336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758077","display_name":"Schottky effect","level":4,"score":0.4328049123287201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.39909762144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.15674960613250732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.08355289697647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16115445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2391942","display_name":"Schottky barrier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrev.95.327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.95.327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54862371","display_name":"Physical Review","issn_l":"0031-899X","issn":["0031-899X","1536-6065"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965157015","https://openalex.org/W1982188142","https://openalex.org/W1982435190","https://openalex.org/W1985271925","https://openalex.org/W2000321110","https://openalex.org/W2002731606","https://openalex.org/W2012215152","https://openalex.org/W2013802108","https://openalex.org/W2018881288","https://openalex.org/W2021741879","https://openalex.org/W2021867092","https://openalex.org/W2023727949","https://openalex.org/W2030238799","https://openalex.org/W2049251872","https://openalex.org/W2067909871","https://openalex.org/W2075964759","https://openalex.org/W2079636267","https://openalex.org/W2080238825","https://openalex.org/W2088314110","https://openalex.org/W2089934339","https://openalex.org/W2161606023","https://openalex.org/W2942899542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982392480","https://openalex.org/W1985271925","https://openalex.org/W2117436361","https://openalex.org/W1993888855","https://openalex.org/W3041888161","https://openalex.org/W2111361984","https://openalex.org/W2042402343","https://openalex.org/W3013600521","https://openalex.org/W2039667287","https://openalex.org/W1966103851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Both":[0],"the":[1,5,48,53,59,88,98,131,138,144],"current":[2],"density":[3],"and":[4,25,58,66,74,96,122,134,143],"distribution":[6],"in":[7,82],"energy":[8],"of":[9,19,31,42,56,64],"electrons":[10],"emitted":[11],"from":[12],"metals":[13,57],"are":[14,80,85],"calculated":[15],"for":[16,93],"various":[17],"combinations":[18],"temperature,":[20],"applied":[21],"surface":[22],"electric":[23],"field,":[24],"work":[26],"function.":[27],"A":[28,125],"wider":[29],"range":[30],"those":[32],"variables":[33],"than":[34],"previously":[35],"achieved":[36],"is":[37,47,113,128],"made":[38,129],"possible":[39],"by":[40],"use":[41],"numerical":[43],"integration.":[44],"The":[45],"integrand":[46],"usual":[49],"function":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52,137],"free-electron":[54],"theory":[55],"wave-mechanical":[60],"barrier":[61],"transmission":[62],"coefficient":[63],"Sommerfeld":[65],"Bethe":[67],"which":[68,79],"assumes":[69],"a":[70,75],"classical":[71],"image":[72],"force":[73],"plane":[76],"surface.":[77],"Results,":[78],"presented":[81],"graphical":[83],"form,":[84],"consistent":[86],"with":[87,97,115],"Fowler-Nordheim":[89],"field":[90,141],"emission":[91,101,107,117,142],"equation":[92],"low":[94,104],"temperatures,":[95],"Richardson":[99],"thermionic":[100],"formula":[102],"at":[103,108,118],"fields.":[105],"Predicted":[106],"temperatures":[109],"up":[110],"to":[111],"3000\\ifmmode^\\circ\\else\\textdegree\\fi{}K":[112],"compared":[114],"cold":[116],"fields":[119],"between":[120,130,140],"${10}^{7}$":[121],"${10}^{8}$":[123],"v/cm.":[124],"qualitative":[126],"comparison":[127],"present":[132],"results":[133],"previous":[135],"experiments":[136],"transition":[139],"vacuum":[145],"arc.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}