{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000373194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","title":"Investigation of the synchronization requirements for optical fiber PPM","display_name":"Investigation of the synchronization requirements for optical fiber PPM","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000373194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","mag":"2000373194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.161500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088539425","display_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Huddersfield (United Kingdom)","University of Huddersfield; United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Huddersfield (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Huddersfield; United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010372725","display_name":"Robert A. Cryan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert A. Cryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester Metropolitan Univ. (United Kingdom)","Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan Univ. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063913762","display_name":"F.M. Clayton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388891827","display_name":"GEC (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/017kjzz63","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4388891827"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. M. Clayton","raw_affiliation_strings":["GEC Hirst Research Labs. (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GEC Hirst Research Labs. (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388891827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13993217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1974","issue":null,"first_page":"126","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.5913000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.5913000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.13099999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.09279999881982803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-position-modulation","display_name":"pulse position modulation","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber-transmission","display_name":"optical fiber transmission","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-spectral-density","display_name":"power spectral density","score":0.7070000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6932995915412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5614911913871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5571653842926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5535036325454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4181661605834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3285616338253021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30165186524391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18819209933280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.161500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.161500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053222088","https://openalex.org/W2100586353","https://openalex.org/W2154314199","https://openalex.org/W2074972457","https://openalex.org/W2022386831","https://openalex.org/W2087904049","https://openalex.org/W2330140217","https://openalex.org/W2153651586","https://openalex.org/W2043704866","https://openalex.org/W2041113561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self":[0],"synchronization":[1],"of":[2,53,107],"the":[3,11,21,25,34,65,70,110,123,126,141,154],"optical":[4],"fiber":[5],"n-ary":[6],"PPM":[7,22,26,56,112],"format":[8],"entails":[9],"acquiring":[10,64],"slot,":[12],"frame":[13,16,37,43,66,96,143],"frequency,":[14],"and":[15,36,58,104,117,133],"phase":[17,44,67,97],"information":[18],"directly":[19,68],"from":[20,69],"stream.":[23,73],"Processing":[24],"power":[27],"spectral":[28,144],"density":[29],"can":[30],"result":[31],"in":[32,90,140,153],"extracting":[33],"slot":[35],"frequency":[38],"leaving":[39],"an":[40],"nth":[41],"degree":[42],"ambiguity":[45],"to":[46,78,101,135],"be":[47,102],"resolved.":[48],"We":[49],"identify":[50],"two":[51,128],"classes":[52],"naturally":[54],"occurring":[55],"sequences":[57,130],"present":[59],"a":[60],"novel":[61],"technique":[62,75],"for":[63,122],"incoming":[71],"data":[72],"The":[74,95],"is":[76,131],"superior":[77],"previous":[79],"methods":[80],"since":[81],"it":[82],"does":[83],"not":[84],"involve":[85],"added":[86],"code":[87],"redundancy,":[88],"loss":[89],"sensitivity":[91],"or":[92],"bit":[93],"rate.":[94],"synchronizers":[98],"are":[99,120],"shown":[100,134],"upgradable":[103],"thus":[105],"capable":[106],"coping":[108],"with":[109,147],"required":[111],"word":[113],"size.":[114],"Original":[115],"theoretical":[116],"practical":[118],"results":[119],"reported":[121],"synchronizers.":[124],"Tracking":[125],"first":[127],"additional":[129],"demonstrated":[132],"offer":[136],"10.4":[137],"dB":[138],"improvement":[139],"discrete":[142],"component":[145],"joined":[146],"8.4":[148],"X":[149],"10-3":[150],"rad2":[151],"reduction":[152],"timing":[155],"variance.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}