{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000367269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","title":"A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: 2. Spatial moments and the advection and dispersion of nonreactive tracers","display_name":"A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: 2. Spatial moments and the advection and dispersion of nonreactive tracers","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000367269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","mag":"2000367269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/wr022i013p02031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2000367269"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085147445","display_name":"David L. Freyberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David L. Freyberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085147445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.5211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":683,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99761999,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"13","first_page":"2031","last_page":"2046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solute-transport","display_name":"solute transport","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"groundwater","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bromide-tracer","display_name":"bromide tracer","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chloride-tracer","display_name":"chloride tracer","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-moments","display_name":"spatial moments","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advection-dispersion","display_name":"advection-dispersion","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-tensor","display_name":"covariance tensor","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-dependent-dispersion","display_name":"scale-dependent dispersion","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-conductivity-heterogeneity","display_name":"hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer-heterogeneity","display_name":"aquifer heterogeneity","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-conductivity-distribution","display_name":"hydraulic conductivity distribution","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-approximation","display_name":"quadrature approximation","score":0.34200000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775840915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817528","display_name":"Plume","level":2,"score":0.7458211183547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5072599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379788","display_name":"Advection","level":2,"score":0.6207704544067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4867370128631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.4753001630306244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.43515902757644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.41410937905311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3921360969543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3341935873031616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.27718934416770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.19113856554031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17610478401184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1510084867477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/wr022i013p02031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/wr022i013p02031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488862788","https://openalex.org/W1529972356","https://openalex.org/W1597285101","https://openalex.org/W1680118177","https://openalex.org/W1976003395","https://openalex.org/W1996818420","https://openalex.org/W2000437037","https://openalex.org/W2004698565","https://openalex.org/W2018061938","https://openalex.org/W2024301688","https://openalex.org/W2036385455","https://openalex.org/W2065356856","https://openalex.org/W2070266204","https://openalex.org/W2075485187","https://openalex.org/W2077106134","https://openalex.org/W2078884731","https://openalex.org/W2079580668","https://openalex.org/W2089452414","https://openalex.org/W2120062331","https://openalex.org/W2125243928","https://openalex.org/W2150608394","https://openalex.org/W2153901934","https://openalex.org/W2171313876","https://openalex.org/W2725967513","https://openalex.org/W4289256183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078884731","https://openalex.org/W1993454331","https://openalex.org/W1986060941","https://openalex.org/W2046829607","https://openalex.org/W1970960493","https://openalex.org/W2027730266","https://openalex.org/W11364589","https://openalex.org/W253969789","https://openalex.org/W2065312124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,78,123,134,141,161,227,254,329,350,369,387],"three\u2010dimensional":[1],"movement":[2],"of":[3,39,48,57,74,89,108,153,184,190,214,216,219,221,231,250,294,297,300,306,310,319,321,332,348,353,356],"a":[4,18,196,206,225,239],"tracer":[5,117],"plume":[6,193,223,283],"containing":[7],"bromide":[8,96],"and":[9,35,55,97,128,173,176,210,286,406,415],"chloride":[10,98],"is":[11,126,137,145,159,166,174,272,312,326,377,420],"investigated":[12],"using":[13,67],"the":[14,32,40,49,58,64,72,75,90,101,109,115,131,150,154,180,192,201,212,217,222,232,243,251,263,276,282,292,298,301,317,322,339,344,354,357,367,375,392,403,408,413,424,429],"data":[15,342,405],"base":[16],"from":[17,63,248,366,374],"large\u2010scale":[19,198,426],"natural":[20],"gradient":[21],"field":[22],"experiment":[23],"on":[24,31],"groundwater":[25],"solute":[26,53,156,164,278],"transport.":[27,349],"analysis":[29],"focuses":[30],"zeroth\u2010,":[33],"first\u2010,":[34],"second\u2010order":[36],"spatial":[37],"moments":[38,44],"concentration":[41,252],"distribution.":[42],"These":[43],"define":[45],"integrated":[46],"measures":[47],"dissolved":[50],"mass,":[51],"mean":[52,155,163,277],"velocity,":[54],"dispersion":[56],"plume.":[59],"Moments":[60],"are":[61,400],"estimated":[62,162,228,340,388],"point":[65],"observations":[66],"quadrature":[68],"approximations":[69],"tailored":[70],"to":[71,81,205,262,338,423],"density":[73],"sampling":[76,86,394],"network.":[77],"estimators":[79],"appear":[80],"be":[82],"robust,":[83],"with":[84,130,242,275,291,402,407],"acceptable":[85],"variability.":[87],"Estimates":[88],"mass":[91,220],"in":[92,200,238,428],"solution":[93],"for":[94,168,179,343,391,412],"both":[95,169],"demonstrate":[99],"that":[100,114,149],"tracers":[102,170],"behaved":[103],"conservatively,":[104],"as":[105,224,281,304],"expected.":[106],"Analysis":[107],"first\u2010order":[110],"moment":[111],"estimates":[112],"indicates":[113],"experimental":[116],"plumes":[118],"traveled":[119],"along":[120],"identical":[121,167],"trajectories.":[122],"horizontal":[124,229],"trajectory":[125,136],"linear":[127],"aligned":[129,259,274],"hydraulic":[132,264],"gradient.":[133],"vertical":[135,143,151,208],"curvilinear,":[138],"concave":[139],"upward.":[140],"total":[142],"displacement":[144],"small,":[146],"however,":[147],"so":[148],"component":[152],"velocity":[157,165,202,279,430],"vector":[158],"negligible.":[160],"(0.091":[171],"m/day)":[172],"spatially":[175],"temporally":[177],"uniform":[178],"first":[181,345],"647":[182,188,346],"days":[183,189,347,397],"travel":[185],"time.":[186],"After":[187],"transport,":[191],"apparently":[194,384],"encountered":[195],"relatively":[197],"heterogeneity":[199,427],"field,":[203],"leading":[204],"distinct":[207],"layering,":[209],"slowing":[211],"rate":[213,318],"advance":[215],"center":[218],"whole.":[226],"components":[230,299],"covariance":[233,302,323,341,389],"tensor":[234,303],"evolve":[235],"over":[236,268,324],"time":[237,269,307,325],"manner":[240],"consistent":[241],"qualitative":[244],"shape":[245],"changes":[246],"observed":[247,425],"plots":[249],"data.":[253],"major":[255],"principal":[256],"axis,":[257],"initially":[258],"roughly":[260],"perpendicular":[261],"gradient,":[265],"rotates":[266],"smoothly":[267],"until":[270],"it":[271],"nearly":[273],"vector,":[280],"itself":[284],"elongates":[285],"orients":[287],"its":[288],"long":[289],"axis":[290],"direction":[293],"movement.":[295],"Plots":[296],"functions":[305],"show":[308],"evidence":[309],"what":[311],"commonly":[313],"called":[314],"\u201cscale\u2010dependent\u201d":[315],"dispersion:":[316],"growth":[320],"not":[327,385],"linear.":[328],"theoretical":[330],"results":[331],"G.":[333],"Dagan":[334,409],"(1984)":[335],"calibrate":[336],"well":[337],"calibrated":[351],"values":[352,365],"parameters":[355],"hydrualic":[358],"conductivity":[359],"distribution":[360],"closely":[361],"match":[362],"independently":[363],"measured":[364],"site.":[368],"asymptotic":[370,381],"longitudinal":[371],"dispersivity":[372],"obtained":[373],"calibration":[376],"0.49":[378],"m,":[379],"although":[380],"conditions":[382],"were":[383],"reached.":[386],"terms":[390],"last":[393],"session,":[395],"1038":[396],"after":[398],"injection,":[399],"inconsistent":[401],"earlier":[404],"model,":[410],"particularly":[411],"transverse":[414],"off\u2010diagonal":[416],"components.":[417],"This":[418],"behavior":[419],"probably":[421],"attributable":[422],"field.":[431]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-15T12:55:33.944570","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
