{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000361591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","title":"Enhancement of cognitive and neural functions through complex reasoning training: evidence from normal and clinical populations","display_name":"Enhancement of cognitive and neural functions through complex reasoning training: evidence from normal and clinical populations","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000361591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","mag":"2000361591","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808834","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4009420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97434221","display_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5137","issn":["1662-5137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044324548","display_name":"Sandra Bond Chapman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5244-2068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5244-2068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandra B. Chapman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for BrainHealth\u00ae, The University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX, USA","Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for BrainHealth\u00ae, The University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003935372","display_name":"Raksha Anand Mudar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-0554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-0554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raksha A. Mudar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL, USA","Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044324548"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":11.1128,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98216554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.13289999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-training","display_name":"cognitive training","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-cognition","display_name":"higher-order cognition","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-training","display_name":"transfer of training","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-injury","display_name":"brain injury","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease-risk","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease risk","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescents","display_name":"adolescents","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-health","display_name":"cognitive health","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meditation","display_name":"meditation","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"sleep","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7614558935165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498506","display_name":"Cognitive training","level":3,"score":0.6796633005142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5867825150489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4562380015850067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4333617091178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3339294493198395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.22053059935569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09676435589790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08597263693809509}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97434221","display_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5137","issn":["1662-5137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2990836","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4009420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4009420","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4009420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Syst Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24808834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in systems neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c23e6147c79747c4a712a0b2e0c46d89","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c23e6147c79747c4a712a0b2e0c46d89","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, Vol 8 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00069/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97434221","display_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5137","issn":["1662-5137"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2653112465","display_name":"BRAIN TRAINING TO ENHANCE FRONTAL LOBE REASONING IN SOLDIERS WITH TBI","funder_award_id":"W81XWH1120194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4119534169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W81XWH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306490","display_name":"RGK Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02vp2wp62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309806","display_name":"T. Boone Pickens Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03g18fj02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000361591.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2000361591.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555388852","https://openalex.org/W1624817820","https://openalex.org/W1954736548","https://openalex.org/W1964163721","https://openalex.org/W1964625770","https://openalex.org/W1965663626","https://openalex.org/W1967830806","https://openalex.org/W1975076148","https://openalex.org/W1975823543","https://openalex.org/W1977000566","https://openalex.org/W1984700657","https://openalex.org/W1987287751","https://openalex.org/W1997849248","https://openalex.org/W1999004633","https://openalex.org/W2012237817","https://openalex.org/W2015467142","https://openalex.org/W2018803422","https://openalex.org/W2026179327","https://openalex.org/W2028388747","https://openalex.org/W2031367861","https://openalex.org/W2032152873","https://openalex.org/W2036954822","https://openalex.org/W2039329479","https://openalex.org/W2042683896","https://openalex.org/W2049273156","https://openalex.org/W2054335768","https://openalex.org/W2059086756","https://openalex.org/W2064307988","https://openalex.org/W2067695948","https://openalex.org/W2067799130","https://openalex.org/W2068905269","https://openalex.org/W2074614655","https://openalex.org/W2075838187","https://openalex.org/W2078346039","https://openalex.org/W2097982135","https://openalex.org/W2111301169","https://openalex.org/W2122134216","https://openalex.org/W2123211629","https://openalex.org/W2123803218","https://openalex.org/W2128121980","https://openalex.org/W2128989324","https://openalex.org/W2130574076","https://openalex.org/W2131162932","https://openalex.org/W2143663807","https://openalex.org/W2146068507","https://openalex.org/W2146816610","https://openalex.org/W2157646826","https://openalex.org/W2162843742","https://openalex.org/W2165683312","https://openalex.org/W2167392247","https://openalex.org/W2170429712","https://openalex.org/W2319077344","https://openalex.org/W2327873341","https://openalex.org/W2423411648","https://openalex.org/W2503473021","https://openalex.org/W3123935820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319077344","https://openalex.org/W7099827055","https://openalex.org/W2068905269","https://openalex.org/W2344964159","https://openalex.org/W2896067800","https://openalex.org/W4408155056","https://openalex.org/W7160397601","https://openalex.org/W2276081196","https://openalex.org/W2136715217","https://openalex.org/W3028702308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Public":[0],"awareness":[1],"of":[2,49,127,147],"cognitive":[3,16,22,32,42,56,103],"health":[4],"is":[5],"fairly":[6],"recent":[7],"compared":[8],"to":[9,75,83,101,111,133,143],"physical":[10,149],"health.":[11],"Growing":[12],"evidence":[13,90],"suggests":[14],"that":[15,65,120],"training":[17,100,129],"offers":[18],"promise":[19],"in":[20,25,37,61,70,105,154],"augmenting":[21],"brain":[23,58,81],"performance":[24,104],"normal":[26],"and":[27,57,107,110],"clinical":[28,63],"populations.":[29],"Targeting":[30],"higher-order":[31,122],"functions,":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35,140,142],"reasoning":[36,68,99],"particular,":[38],"may":[39],"promote":[40],"generalized":[41],"changes":[43,59],"necessary":[44],"for":[45,86,97,137],"supporting":[46],"the":[47,95],"complexities":[48],"daily":[50],"life.":[51],"This":[52],"data-driven":[53],"perspective":[54],"highlights":[55],"measured":[60],"randomized":[62],"trials":[64],"trained":[66,106],"gist":[67],"strategies":[69],"populations":[71],"ranging":[72],"from":[73],"teenagers":[74],"healthy":[76],"older":[77],"adults,":[78],"individuals":[79],"with":[80],"injury":[82],"those":[84],"at-risk":[85],"Alzheimer's":[87],"disease.":[88],"The":[89,124],"presented":[91],"across":[92,116],"studies":[93],"support":[94,121],"potential":[96],"Gist":[98,128],"strengthen":[102],"untrained":[108],"domains":[109],"engage":[112],"more":[113],"efficient":[114],"communication":[115],"widespread":[117],"neural":[118],"networks":[119],"cognition.":[123],"meaningful":[125],"benefits":[126,139,146],"provide":[130],"compelling":[131],"motivation":[132],"examine":[134],"optimal":[135],"dose":[136],"sustained":[138],"well":[141],"explore":[144],"additive":[145],"meditation,":[148],"exercise,":[150],"and/or":[151],"improved":[152],"sleep":[153],"future":[155],"studies.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}