{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000334670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","title":"Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline","display_name":"Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000334670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","mag":"2000334670","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20437962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1890/08-1036.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166870025","display_name":"Ecological Applications","issn_l":"1051-0761","issn":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2000334670"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051627755","display_name":"Karyn D. Rode","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343028186","display_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karyn D. Rode","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, USA. karyn_rode@fws.gov","U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, USA. karyn_rode@fws.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056795428","display_name":"Steven C. Amstrup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-3906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-3906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012618","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehhzx21","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven C. Amstrup","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004681970","display_name":"Eric V. Regehr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343028186","display_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012618","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehhzx21","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric V. Regehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 USA","U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051627755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2316,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":289,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.993256,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"768","last_page":"782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.8651999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.054499998688697815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar-bear","display_name":"polar bear","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-size","display_name":"body size","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-loss","display_name":"sea ice decline","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skull-size","display_name":"skull size","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-length","display_name":"body length","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/litter-mass","display_name":"litter mass","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-survival","display_name":"juvenile survival","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-output","display_name":"reproductive output","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient-limitation","display_name":"nutrient limitation","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beaufort-sea","display_name":"Beaufort Sea","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impacts-on-wildlife","display_name":"climate change impacts on wildlife","score":0.6209999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910271056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33609","display_name":"Ursus maritimus","level":3,"score":0.9680254459381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.727136492729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.6829081773757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516282","display_name":"Juvenile","level":2,"score":0.6227470636367798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6065289378166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5500709414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5033444762229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4888615012168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.45285844802856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988746298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131274","display_name":"Beaufort sea","level":3,"score":0.44339847564697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30251848697662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.22709065675735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.15464147925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001503","descriptor_name":"Ursidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012886","descriptor_name":"Skull","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046448","descriptor_name":"Ice Cover","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049628","descriptor_name":"Body Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1890/08-1036.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1036.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166870025","display_name":"Ecological Applications","issn_l":"1051-0761","issn":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20437962","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20437962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332182","display_name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613863","https://openalex.org/W125474093","https://openalex.org/W161554507","https://openalex.org/W1520428197","https://openalex.org/W1523963696","https://openalex.org/W1578918315","https://openalex.org/W1596866268","https://openalex.org/W1743759147","https://openalex.org/W1831449915","https://openalex.org/W1970664537","https://openalex.org/W1974786591","https://openalex.org/W1983264351","https://openalex.org/W1984050331","https://openalex.org/W1989020994","https://openalex.org/W1991231172","https://openalex.org/W1997112584","https://openalex.org/W2002900408","https://openalex.org/W2002981212","https://openalex.org/W2003998417","https://openalex.org/W2007065542","https://openalex.org/W2008730217","https://openalex.org/W2009435671","https://openalex.org/W2015896737","https://openalex.org/W2018444068","https://openalex.org/W2024417959","https://openalex.org/W2025349641","https://openalex.org/W2026167782","https://openalex.org/W2028360118","https://openalex.org/W2036184757","https://openalex.org/W2040659681","https://openalex.org/W2048265069","https://openalex.org/W2048489510","https://openalex.org/W2050876401","https://openalex.org/W2054926471","https://openalex.org/W2058724504","https://openalex.org/W2067957894","https://openalex.org/W2074976745","https://openalex.org/W2082578424","https://openalex.org/W2087518989","https://openalex.org/W2087899661","https://openalex.org/W2091356344","https://openalex.org/W2091899715","https://openalex.org/W2096536349","https://openalex.org/W2098376017","https://openalex.org/W2099532128","https://openalex.org/W2101372025","https://openalex.org/W2103164730","https://openalex.org/W2103367403","https://openalex.org/W2103651007","https://openalex.org/W2107333987","https://openalex.org/W2110856690","https://openalex.org/W2111026201","https://openalex.org/W2112725175","https://openalex.org/W2123193112","https://openalex.org/W2130380975","https://openalex.org/W2133501143","https://openalex.org/W2133873100","https://openalex.org/W2134248725","https://openalex.org/W2143090394","https://openalex.org/W2146056535","https://openalex.org/W2150409801","https://openalex.org/W2156803026","https://openalex.org/W2158143224","https://openalex.org/W2159841575","https://openalex.org/W2159880120","https://openalex.org/W2161143486","https://openalex.org/W2164079207","https://openalex.org/W2167966151","https://openalex.org/W2169973887","https://openalex.org/W2170565260","https://openalex.org/W2178481105","https://openalex.org/W2179928531","https://openalex.org/W2215135437","https://openalex.org/W2318237353","https://openalex.org/W2318340952","https://openalex.org/W2588677549","https://openalex.org/W2730498544","https://openalex.org/W2800978236","https://openalex.org/W2802112095","https://openalex.org/W2909688987","https://openalex.org/W2939474406","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162251828","https://openalex.org/W2149659159","https://openalex.org/W3215812245","https://openalex.org/W2121276931","https://openalex.org/W2111026201","https://openalex.org/W2290462016","https://openalex.org/W7126037465","https://openalex.org/W2155074471","https://openalex.org/W3135540671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rates":[0],"of":[1,13,24,36,50,58,65,92,99,114,120,143,152,169],"reproduction":[2,189],"and":[3,11,18,47,70,74,83,89,111,127,141,161,188],"survival":[4],"are":[5],"dependent":[6],"upon":[7],"adequate":[8],"body":[9,44,90,186],"size":[10,17,88,119,187],"condition":[12,19],"individuals.":[14],"Declines":[15],"in":[16,27,43,53,108,190],"have":[20],"provided":[21],"early":[22],"indicators":[23],"population":[25],"decline":[26],"polar":[28,51,94],"bears":[29,52,95,123],"(Ursus":[30],"maritimus)":[31],"near":[32],"the":[33,54,63,109],"southern":[34,55],"extreme":[35],"their":[37],"range.":[38],"We":[39],"tested":[40],"whether":[41,71],"patterns":[42],"size,":[45],"condition,":[46],"cub":[48],"recruitment":[49],"Beaufort":[56],"Sea":[57],"Alaska":[59],"were":[60],"related":[61],"to":[62],"availability":[64,76,113,135,151],"preferred":[66],"sea":[67,115,133,154,177],"ice":[68,116,134,155,178],"habitats":[69],"these":[72],"measures":[73],"habitat":[75],"exhibited":[77],"trends":[78],"over":[79,96,102,125],"time,":[80,103],"between":[81],"1982":[82],"2006.":[84],"The":[85],"mean":[86],"skull":[87],"length":[91],"all":[93],"three":[97],"years":[98,131,148],"age":[100],"declined":[101,124],"corresponding":[104],"with":[105,149,181],"long-term":[106,171],"declines":[107],"spatial":[110],"temporal":[112],"habitat.":[117],"Body":[118],"young,":[121],"growing":[122],"time":[126],"was":[128,136],"smaller":[129],"after":[130],"when":[132],"reduced.":[137],"Reduced":[138],"litter":[139],"mass":[140],"numbers":[142],"yearlings":[144],"per":[145],"female":[146],"following":[147],"lower":[150],"optimal":[153],"habitat,":[156],"suggest":[157,174],"reduced":[158,185],"reproductive":[159],"output":[160],"juvenile":[162],"survival.":[163],"These":[164],"results,":[165],"based":[166],"on":[167],"analysis":[168],"a":[170],"data":[172],"set,":[173],"that":[175,184],"declining":[176],"is":[179],"associated":[180],"nutritional":[182],"limitations":[183],"this":[191],"population.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}