{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000259947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","title":"Flower Constancy: Definition, Cause, and Measurement","display_name":"Flower Constancy: Definition, Cause, and Measurement","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000259947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","mag":"2000259947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/284507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122176235","display_name":"The American Naturalist","issn_l":"0003-0147","issn":["0003-0147","1537-5323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Naturalist","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2000259947"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061992490","display_name":"Nickolas M. Waser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8416-5037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8416-5037"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nickolas M. Waser","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061992490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6431,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":632,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96062525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"127","issue":"5","first_page":"593","last_page":"603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10702","display_name":"Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10135","display_name":"Insect-Plant Interactions and Control","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flower-constancy","display_name":"flower constancy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollinator-foraging","display_name":"pollinator foraging behavior","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-constraints","display_name":"behavioral constraints","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floral-morphology","display_name":"flower morphology","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flower-color","display_name":"flower color","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bee-foraging-behavior","display_name":"bee foraging","score":0.6460000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.7262011170387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.6711544990539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102789151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141466","display_name":"Pollinator","level":4,"score":0.5981357097625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.5075668096542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.4983642101287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4654916524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3466680645942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3449054956436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3274422883987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2663062512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25543978810310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25166550278663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21858826279640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168197293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134624","display_name":"Pollination","level":3,"score":0.18521583080291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780618852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79932","display_name":"Pollen","level":2,"score":0.17570745944976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/284507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/284507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122176235","display_name":"The American Naturalist","issn_l":"0003-0147","issn":["0003-0147","1537-5323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Naturalist","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206037892","https://openalex.org/W1540740018","https://openalex.org/W1556759495","https://openalex.org/W1845007212","https://openalex.org/W1945040235","https://openalex.org/W1969403950","https://openalex.org/W1969662659","https://openalex.org/W1969834203","https://openalex.org/W1975932115","https://openalex.org/W1981139674","https://openalex.org/W2005172766","https://openalex.org/W2012494014","https://openalex.org/W2013105421","https://openalex.org/W2016178868","https://openalex.org/W2027605780","https://openalex.org/W2028408693","https://openalex.org/W2041812673","https://openalex.org/W2069347078","https://openalex.org/W2070010540","https://openalex.org/W2072186410","https://openalex.org/W2077844867","https://openalex.org/W2089316663","https://openalex.org/W2091298675","https://openalex.org/W2112050904","https://openalex.org/W2126965671","https://openalex.org/W2159306572","https://openalex.org/W2170181516","https://openalex.org/W2314740293","https://openalex.org/W2318566535","https://openalex.org/W2324151285","https://openalex.org/W2327516986","https://openalex.org/W2337920298","https://openalex.org/W2464080667","https://openalex.org/W2499156836","https://openalex.org/W2502928431","https://openalex.org/W2800559265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100635924","https://openalex.org/W2064626148","https://openalex.org/W2058535420","https://openalex.org/W7097205480","https://openalex.org/W2484442952","https://openalex.org/W2037894623","https://openalex.org/W2128086857","https://openalex.org/W4407378806","https://openalex.org/W7135773166","https://openalex.org/W2286673667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"pollinator":[1],"that":[2,46,121,146],"restricts":[3],"its":[4],"visits":[5],"to":[6,20,49,73,77,81],"one":[7,137],"flower":[8,22,38,85,117,129],"type,":[9],"even":[10],"when":[11,100],"other":[12,138],"rewarding":[13,37],"types":[14],"are":[15,67,90],"accessible,":[16],"can":[17,133],"be":[18,97,134],"said":[19],"exhibit":[21],"constancy.":[23],"This":[24],"usage":[25],"distinguishes":[26],"constancy":[27,44,122,147],"from":[28,136],"fixed":[29],"preference":[30,33,50],"or":[31,76,109],"labile":[32],"for":[34,93],"the":[35,61,91],"most":[36,98],"type;":[39],"I":[40,111],"discuss":[41],"a":[42,53,103],"quantitative":[43],"index":[45],"is":[47,63],"insensitive":[48],"changes.":[51],"Because":[52],"constant":[54],"visitor":[55],"avoids":[56],"flowers":[57,101],"with":[58,83,125],"acceptable":[59],"rewards,":[60],"behavior":[62],"inefficient":[64],"unless":[65],"there":[66],"constraints":[68,89],"such":[69,88],"as":[70],"an":[71],"inability":[72],"learn":[74],"quickly":[75],"remember":[78],"simultaneously":[79],"how":[80],"deal":[82],"many":[84],"types.":[86],"If":[87],"basis":[92],"constancy,":[94],"it":[95],"should":[96],"pronounced":[99],"in":[102,107,115],"mixture":[104],"differ":[105],"strongly":[106],"morphology":[108],"color.":[110],"observed":[112],"bees":[113],"foraging":[114],"outdoor":[116],"arrays":[118],"and":[119],"found":[120],"always":[123],"increased":[124],"increasing":[126],"differences":[127],"among":[128],"types;":[130],"similar":[131],"results":[132],"gleaned":[135],"study.":[139],"The":[140],"available":[141],"experimental":[142],"evidence":[143],"thus":[144],"suggests":[145],"reflects":[148],"behavioral":[149],"constraints.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
