{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000121233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","title":"Partitioning Tracers for Measuring Residual NAPL: Field-Scale Test Results","display_name":"Partitioning Tracers for Measuring Residual NAPL: Field-Scale Test Results","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000121233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","mag":"2000121233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156179317","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9372","issn":["0733-9372","1943-7870"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051792197","display_name":"Michael D. Annable","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8736-9411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8736-9411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Annable","raw_affiliation_strings":["Asst. Prof., Dept. of Envir. Engrg. Sci., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL 32611. E-mail: manna@engnet.ufl.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asst. Prof., Dept. of Envir. Engrg. Sci., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL 32611. E-mail: manna@engnet.ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033107100","display_name":"P. Suresh C. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-3736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-3736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. S. C. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grad. Res. Prof., Soil and Water Sci. Dept., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grad. Res. Prof., Soil and Water Sci. Dept., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013811137","display_name":"Kirk Hatfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8162-8304","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8162-8304"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Hatfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058214300","display_name":"W. D. Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6814-2959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6814-2959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy D. Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agric. and Biol. Engrg., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Agric. and Biol. Engrg., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044930081","display_name":"A. Lynn Wood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302368450","display_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. L. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Res. Soil Sci., Nat. Risk Mgmt. Res. Lab., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Ada, OK 74820"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Soil Sci., Nat. Risk Mgmt. Res. Lab., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Ada, OK 74820","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112611511","display_name":"C. G. Enfield","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302368450","display_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. G. Enfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sr. Res. Envir. Sci., Nat. Risk Mgmt. Res. Lab., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Ada, OK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sr. Res. Envir. Sci., Nat. Risk Mgmt. Res. Lab., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Ada, OK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99895288,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"124","issue":"6","first_page":"498","last_page":"503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-aqueous-phase-liquids","display_name":"non-aqueous phase liquids","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracer-breakthrough-curves","display_name":"tracer breakthrough curves","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jp-4-jet-fuel","display_name":"JP-4 jet fuel","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chlorinated-solvents","display_name":"chlorinated solvents","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-zone","display_name":"smear zone","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vadose-zone-contamination","display_name":"vadose zone contamination","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction-wells","display_name":"extraction wells","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hill-air-force-base","display_name":"Hill Air Force Base","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.9214766025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6385141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170558","display_name":"Coring","level":3,"score":0.8060508966445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.7288885116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35588792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479708","display_name":"Vadose zone","level":3,"score":0.6897057294845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9930424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5594531893730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.5159536004066467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.4736698269844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192552737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898797","display_name":"Partition coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4466809332370758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779525144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36506863","display_name":"Breakthrough curve","level":3,"score":0.44078493118286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.39330196380615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.36374688148498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.35576266050338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3543117642402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.308815062046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.1995714008808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.15250718593597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.14007192850112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25197100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890886","display_name":"Drilling","level":2,"score":0.08200427889823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156179317","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","issn_l":"0733-9372","issn":["0733-9372","1943-7870"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995812185","https://openalex.org/W2051378995","https://openalex.org/W2071489392","https://openalex.org/W2103917210","https://openalex.org/W3026912926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987155079","https://openalex.org/W1985515404","https://openalex.org/W2052607543","https://openalex.org/W2795771490","https://openalex.org/W2007435507","https://openalex.org/W1992314370","https://openalex.org/W1509081993","https://openalex.org/W143212536","https://openalex.org/W1980690198","https://openalex.org/W1995812185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,59,140,161],"difficult":[1],"task":[2],"of":[3,22,29,63,82,88,143,172,188],"locating":[4],"and":[5,15,57,92,106,198],"quantifying":[6],"nonaqueous":[7],"phase":[8,44],"liquids":[9],"(NAPLs)":[10],"present":[11,192],"in":[12,36,67,101,122,185,193],"the":[13,20,30,42,48,79,144,150,158,175,194],"vadose":[14],"saturated":[16],"zones":[17],"has":[18],"prompted":[19],"development":[21],"innovative,":[23],"nondestructive":[24],"characterization":[25],"techniques.":[26],"use":[28],"interwell":[31],"partitioning":[32,145],"tracer's":[33],"(IWPT)":[34],"test,":[35],"which":[37],"tracers":[38],"that":[39],"partition":[40],"into":[41],"NAPL":[43,85,159,170,178,195],"are":[45],"displaced":[46],"through":[47,135],"aquifer,":[49],"is":[50],"an":[51,168],"attractive":[52],"alternative":[53],"to":[54,77,149,156,166],"traditional":[55],"coring":[56],"analysis.":[58],"first":[60],"field":[61],"test":[62,71,176],"IWPT":[64],"was":[65,154],"conducted":[66],"a":[68,83,97,102,128],"hydraulically":[69],"isolated":[70],"cell":[72],"(3.5":[73],"by":[74,181],"4.3":[75],"m)":[76],"quantify":[78,157],"total":[80],"amount":[81],"complex":[84],"(a":[86],"mixture":[87],"JP-4":[89],"jet":[90],"fuel":[91],"chlorinated":[93],"solvents)":[94],"trapped":[95],"within":[96,174],"1.5-m":[98],"smear":[99],"zone":[100],"shallow,":[103],"unconfined":[104],"sand":[105],"gravel":[107],"aquifer":[108],"at":[109],"Hill":[110],"Air":[111],"Force":[112],"Base":[113],"(AFB),":[114],"Utah.":[115],"Tracer":[116],"breakthrough":[117],"curves":[118],"(BTCs)":[119],"were":[120,164,196],"measured":[121,141,183],"three":[123],"extraction":[124],"wells":[125,138],"(EWs)":[126],"following":[127],"tracer":[129,146,152],"pulse":[130],"(0.1":[131],"pore":[132],"volume)":[133],"introduction":[134],"four":[136],"injection":[137],"(IWs).":[139],"retardation":[142],"(2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol)":[147],"relative":[148],"nonreactive":[151],"(bromide)":[153],"used":[155,165],"present.":[160],"EW":[162],"data":[163],"estimate":[167],"average":[169],"saturation":[171],"4.6\u20135.4%":[173],"cell.":[177],"saturations":[179],"estimated":[180],"using":[182],"concentrations":[184],"soil":[186],"cores":[187],"two":[189],"significant":[190],"compounds":[191],"3.0":[197],"4.6%.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}