{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999831736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","title":"Optimizing non\u2010Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers","display_name":"Optimizing non\u2010Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999831736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","mag":"1999831736","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20095271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3260839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067236437","display_name":"J. P. McCaffrey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. P. McCaffrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada. john.mccaffrey@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca","Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada. john.mccaffrey@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011027134","display_name":"Ernesto Mainegra\u2010Hing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-1282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-1282"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Mainegra\u2010Hing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090734356","display_name":"Hao Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3565-3178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3565-3178","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7197-5280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for National Measurement Standards, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-35, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067236437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60771636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"12","first_page":"5586","last_page":"5594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12299","display_name":"Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12299","display_name":"Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-attenuation","display_name":"X-ray attenuation","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-kerma","display_name":"air kerma","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-loss","display_name":"weight loss","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoelectric-absorption","display_name":"photoelectric absorption","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation","display_name":"Monte Carlo simulation","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.7730226516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7587437629699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.7445045113563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178639098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1739288","display_name":"Kerma","level":3,"score":0.6112067699432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22078206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418023","display_name":"Fluence","level":3,"score":0.46741604804992676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4590446352958679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4483805298805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.4332081079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.4190746247768402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.2599859833717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.19515079259872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17559367418289185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09276357293128967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.08778455853462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.08139616250991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008670","descriptor_name":"Metals","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011835","descriptor_name":"Radiation Protection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011837","descriptor_name":"Radiation-Protective Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3260839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3260839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20095271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20095271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:15329316","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=66274c76-56d8-4607-8d2b-cfb66995a735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185843240","https://openalex.org/W1606049780","https://openalex.org/W1975853265","https://openalex.org/W1978676912","https://openalex.org/W1984984788","https://openalex.org/W1986217883","https://openalex.org/W1991551729","https://openalex.org/W2023511042","https://openalex.org/W2026688238","https://openalex.org/W2050330519","https://openalex.org/W2062213588","https://openalex.org/W2076871580","https://openalex.org/W2079219543","https://openalex.org/W2079613981","https://openalex.org/W2098668858","https://openalex.org/W2101255446","https://openalex.org/W2111886461","https://openalex.org/W2114206701","https://openalex.org/W2130461206","https://openalex.org/W2140287715","https://openalex.org/W2402718380","https://openalex.org/W2464909825","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311767141","https://openalex.org/W2015510211","https://openalex.org/W7215552255","https://openalex.org/W4389516293","https://openalex.org/W2213051282","https://openalex.org/W2050330519","https://openalex.org/W2345717389","https://openalex.org/W1991551729","https://openalex.org/W3014900030","https://openalex.org/W3133315340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"The":[1,77,165,196],"objective":[2],"of":[3,12,28,47,68,172,186,201,215,237,247],"this":[4],"study":[5,43],"was":[6,82,100],"to":[7,42,84,149,253,256],"demonstrate":[8],"that":[9],"the":[10,22,44,53,61,66,86,113,119,129,136,142,145,170,173,183,187,202,210,232,245],"weight":[11,246],"non-Pb":[13,49],"radiation":[14,157,226,248],"shielding":[15,249],"materials":[16],"can":[17,243],"be":[18],"minimized":[19],"by":[20,93,251],"structuring":[21],"material":[23],"as":[24,153,155,190],"a":[25],"bilayer":[26,220],"composed":[27],"different":[29],"metal-powder-embedded":[30],"elastomer":[31,241,258],"layers.":[32,96,107],"METHODS:":[33],"Measurements":[34],"and":[35,72,144,169],"Monte":[36],"Carlo":[37],"(MC)":[38],"calculations":[39,146],"were":[40,63,110,147,179,221],"performed":[41],"attenuation":[45,92,99,208],"properties":[46],"several":[48],"metal":[50,95,203,217],"bilayers":[51,204],"over":[52],"x-ray":[54,88,131,225,233],"energy":[55],"range":[56],"30-150":[57],"keV.":[58],"Metals":[59],"for":[60,121,176,223],"layers":[62,109,242],"chosen":[64],"on":[65,231],"basis":[67],"low":[69],"cost,":[70],"nontoxicity,":[71],"complementary":[73,239],"photoelectric":[74],"absorption":[75],"characteristics.":[76],"EGSnrc":[78],"user":[79],"code":[80],"cavity.cpp":[81],"used":[83],"calculate":[85],"resultant":[87],"fluence":[89],"spectra":[90],"after":[91],"these":[94],"Air":[97],"kerma":[98],"measured":[101],"using":[102,112],"commercially":[103],"manufactured":[104],"metal/elastomer":[105],"test":[106],"These":[108],"irradiated":[111],"primary":[114],"standard":[115],"calibration":[116],"beams":[117],"at":[118,158],"Institute":[120],"National":[122],"Measurement":[123],"Standards":[124],"in":[125,135,162,192,218],"Ottawa,":[126],"Canada":[127],"utilizing":[128],"six":[130],"beam":[132,227],"qualities":[133],"recommended":[134,191],"German":[137],"Standard":[138],"DIN":[139,193],"6857.":[140,194],"Both":[141],"measurements":[143],"designed":[148],"approximate":[150],"surface":[151,177],"irradiation":[152,178],"well":[154],"penetrating":[156],"10":[159],"mm":[160],"depth":[161],"soft":[163],"tissue.":[164],"MC":[166],"modeling":[167],"point":[168],"position":[171],"measurement":[174],"detector":[175],"both":[180],"directly":[181],"against":[182],"downstream":[184,199],"face":[185],"attenuating":[188],"material,":[189],"RESULTS:":[195],"low-Z":[197],"upstream/high-Z":[198],"ordering":[200],"provided":[205],"substantially":[206],"more":[207],"than":[209],"reverse":[211],"order.":[212],"Optimal":[213],"percentages":[214],"each":[216,219,224],"determined":[222],"quality.":[228],"CONCLUSIONS:":[229],"Depending":[230],"quality,":[234],"appropriate":[235],"choices":[236],"two":[238],"metal-embedded":[240],"decrease":[244],"garments":[250,259],"up":[252],"25%":[254],"compared":[255],"Pb-based":[257],"while":[260],"providing":[261],"equivalent":[262],"attenuation.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
