{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999604689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/800044.801549","title":"The generation of confidence intervals for steady state simulations through the application of spectral analysis","display_name":"The generation of confidence intervals for steady state simulations through the application of spectral analysis","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999604689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/800044.801549","mag":"1999604689"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lib.ncsu.edu:1840.4/7825","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.4/7825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402468","display_name":"NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","host_organization_name":"North Carolina State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Technical report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111615016","display_name":"Peter D. Welch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter D. Welch","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111615016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"553","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13286","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steady-state-simulation","display_name":"steady-state simulation","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density-estimation","display_name":"spectral density estimation","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serial-correlation","display_name":"serial correlation","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-analysis","display_name":"output analysis","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-testing","display_name":"sequential testing","score":0.7960000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6752992868423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6594085693359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5449652671813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5266150236129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5130216479301453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5104374289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5056624412536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30049272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6555326","display_name":"Spectral density estimation","level":3,"score":0.4892091751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.4748004972934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.44726696610450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993021520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175199","display_name":"Sample variance","level":3,"score":0.4465826451778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4418729245662689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4348208010196686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.414695143699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39513692259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39457249641418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11236733198165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.11174789071083069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lib.ncsu.edu:1840.4/7825","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.4/7825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402468","display_name":"NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","host_organization_name":"North Carolina State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Technical report"},{"id":"mag:1999604689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/800044.801549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/800044.801549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421180","display_name":"Winter Simulation Conference","issn_l":"0891-7736","issn":["0891-7736"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Winter Simulation Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063923499","https://openalex.org/W2773374955","https://openalex.org/W1984085628","https://openalex.org/W2149650994","https://openalex.org/W131038223","https://openalex.org/W2051316645","https://openalex.org/W2032679978","https://openalex.org/W2052339037","https://openalex.org/W2100004881","https://openalex.org/W1603635134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"generate":[1,19],"a":[2,15,20,100,115],"confidence":[3,111,151],"interval":[4,112,152],"on":[5],"the":[6,11,24,27,46,49,57,61,72,80,94,139,147],"steady":[7],"state":[8],"expectation":[9],"of":[10,23,26,48,60,96,105,141,150,174],"output":[12,40],"sequence":[13],"from":[14],"simulation":[16,110],"one":[17],"must":[18],"\u201cgood\u201d":[21],"estimate":[22],"variance":[25,47],"sample":[28,50,65,81],"mean.":[29],"This":[30],"is":[31,52,68,99],"less":[32],"than":[33],"straight":[34],"forward":[35],"because,":[36],"in":[37],"general,":[38],"such":[39,156],"sequences":[41],"are":[42],"serially":[43],"correlated.":[44],"However,":[45],"mean":[51],"very":[53],"simply":[54],"related":[55],"to":[56,71,109,130,138],"spectral":[58,73,97,106,142,175],"density":[59,74],"sequence.":[62],"For":[63],"large":[64],"sizes,":[66],"it":[67],"approximately":[69],"equal":[70],"at":[75],"zero":[76],"frequency":[77],"divided":[78],"by":[79,124],"size.":[82],"Although":[83],"this":[84],"relationship":[85],"has":[86,114],"been":[87],"well":[88,101],"known":[89],"for":[90],"many":[91],"years":[92],"and":[93,119,146,160],"subject":[95],"estimation":[98,107],"developed":[102],"one,the":[103],"application":[104],"techniques":[108],"generation":[113],"somewhat":[116],"checkered":[117],"history":[118,140],"may":[120],"yet":[121],"be":[122,166],"surrounded":[123],"considerable":[125],"confusion.This":[126],"talk":[127,169],"will":[128,164,170],"attempt":[129],"put":[131],"recent":[132],"work":[133],"into":[134],"perspective":[135],"with":[136],"regard":[137],"approaches,":[143],"other":[144],"approaches":[145],"basic":[148],"issues":[149,155],"generation.":[153],"Broader":[154],"as":[157],"sequential":[158],"testing":[159],"run":[161],"length":[162],"control":[163],"also":[165],"discussed.":[167],"The":[168],"assume":[171],"no":[172],"knowledge":[173],"analysis.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
