{"id":"https://openalex.org/W199919697","doi":null,"title":"Elections and Elite Violence on the Road to Democratization, 1800-2010","display_name":"Elections and Elite Violence on the Road to Democratization, 1800-2010","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W199919697","mag":"199919697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:199919697","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2451632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2451632","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018456547","display_name":"Michael K. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-3339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-3339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael K. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington University Department of Political Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-3339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University Department of Political Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018456547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-transition","display_name":"democratic transition","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elite-conflict","display_name":"elite conflict","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coup-d-etat","display_name":"coups d'\u00e9tat","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-war","display_name":"civil war","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elections","display_name":"elections","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regime-survival","display_name":"regime survival","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popular-protest","display_name":"popular protest","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-violence","display_name":"political violence","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17058734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064441","display_name":"Democratization","level":4,"score":0.956702470779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.8182786703109741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6949817538261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.6162111759185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5955970883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780093650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1673271","display_name":"Regime change","level":4,"score":0.5307486057281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5103239417076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49764230847358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777188754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140822","display_name":"Coercion (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4525080621242523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777162435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399774","display_name":"Political violence","level":3,"score":0.43631404638290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.41043156385421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26426026225090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24592289328575134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1882643699645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:199919697","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2451632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:199919697","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2451632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W281047794","https://openalex.org/W296931085","https://openalex.org/W381582087","https://openalex.org/W1484634968","https://openalex.org/W1509383136","https://openalex.org/W1533369859","https://openalex.org/W1583555941","https://openalex.org/W1823439115","https://openalex.org/W1875054897","https://openalex.org/W1943215732","https://openalex.org/W1964178797","https://openalex.org/W1966257180","https://openalex.org/W1967654433","https://openalex.org/W1983557815","https://openalex.org/W1983760863","https://openalex.org/W1990742983","https://openalex.org/W1994990033","https://openalex.org/W1995546876","https://openalex.org/W2001671006","https://openalex.org/W2026631484","https://openalex.org/W2031496465","https://openalex.org/W2054760853","https://openalex.org/W2073493950","https://openalex.org/W2083277050","https://openalex.org/W2104730993","https://openalex.org/W2114260857","https://openalex.org/W2117257361","https://openalex.org/W2129260435","https://openalex.org/W2134280847","https://openalex.org/W2166749687","https://openalex.org/W2588385991"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285416028","https://openalex.org/W7061805056","https://openalex.org/W1990742983","https://openalex.org/W2122321858","https://openalex.org/W4285415922","https://openalex.org/W2125342471","https://openalex.org/W4321373053","https://openalex.org/W7096166523","https://openalex.org/W2944421419","https://openalex.org/W2586838893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,111],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"alternative":[4],"view":[5],"of":[6,16,33,39,73,77,108,115,136,151],"how":[7],"and":[8,48,130,139],"why":[9],"countries":[10],"democratize,":[11],"using":[12],"a":[13,40,91,102,106],"comprehensive":[14],"breakdown":[15],"all":[17],"transitions":[18,29,87],"from":[19,62],"1800":[20],"to":[21,122],"2010.":[22],"I":[23,83],"show":[24],"that":[25,86],"9":[26],"in":[27,36,53,67,75],"10":[28],"occur":[30,88],"through":[31,51,144],"one":[32],"three":[34],"channels:":[35],"the":[37,55,78,96,133,149],"aftermath":[38],"violent":[41,92],"internal":[42],"conflict":[43,94],"among":[44],"elites":[45],"(overwhelmingly":[46],"coups":[47],"civil":[49],"wars),":[50],"elections":[52],"which":[54],"ruling":[56,103],"party":[57,104],"remains":[58],"competitive":[59],"post-transition,":[60],"or":[61,101],"foreign":[63],"coercion":[64],"(primarily":[65],"defeat":[66],"war).":[68],"Whereas":[69],"scholars":[70],"typically":[71],"think":[72],"democratization":[74],"terms":[76],"regime":[79],"giving":[80],"up":[81],"power,":[82],"argue":[84],"instead":[85],"when":[89],"either":[90],"elite":[93],"weakens":[95],"regime's":[97],"grip":[98],"on":[99],"power":[100,109],"expects":[105],"share":[107],"post-democratization.":[110],"framework":[112],"improves":[113],"predictions":[114],"democratic":[116,156],"transitions,":[117],"as":[118],"they":[119],"are":[120,142],"shown":[121],"follow":[123],"major":[124],"political":[125],"events":[126],"like":[127],"coups,":[128],"elections,":[129],"wars.":[131],"Further,":[132],"democratizing":[134],"effects":[135],"popular":[137],"protest":[138],"socioeconomic":[140],"factors":[141],"mediated":[143],"these":[145],"triggering":[146],"events.":[147],"Lastly,":[148],"mode":[150],"transition":[152],"strongly":[153],"predicts":[154],"later":[155],"survival.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}