{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998973346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","title":"The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland","display_name":"The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998973346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","mag":"1998973346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2674551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86102577","display_name":"The William and Mary Quarterly","issn_l":"0043-5597","issn":["0043-5597","1933-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316832","host_organization_name":"Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316832"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The William and Mary Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004090155","display_name":"Julie Winch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Winch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069789394","display_name":"T. Stephen Whitman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Stephen Whitman","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington University , Washington, D.C"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University , Washington, D.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94223827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"3","first_page":"479","last_page":"479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12512","display_name":"History of Colonial Brazil","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manumission","display_name":"manumission","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baltimore","display_name":"Baltimore","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedmen","display_name":"freedmen","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-bondage","display_name":"debt bondage","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-development","display_name":"urban development","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-slavery","display_name":"rural slavery","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craft-labor","display_name":"craft labor","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-migration","display_name":"slave migration","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4232172966003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.410483717918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.38029223680496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.34375661611557007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0951235294342041}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2674551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2674551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86102577","display_name":"The William and Mary Quarterly","issn_l":"0043-5597","issn":["0043-5597","1933-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316832","host_organization_name":"Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316832"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The William and Mary Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2957208980","https://openalex.org/W2023823354","https://openalex.org/W6996402366","https://openalex.org/W4231144280","https://openalex.org/W2110673416","https://openalex.org/W4401464485","https://openalex.org/W3011337370","https://openalex.org/W3133558401","https://openalex.org/W2501803976","https://openalex.org/W4250156792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Paradoxically,":[0],"in":[1,8,18,56,121,136,148],"the":[2,5,25,28,73,105,109,155],"decades":[3],"following":[4,72],"Revolution,":[6],"slavery":[90],"Baltimore":[9,143],"gained":[10],"strength":[11],"even":[12,158],"as":[13],"slaves":[14,32],"were":[15],"being":[16],"freed":[17,115],"record":[19],"numbers.":[20],"The":[21,132],"vigorous":[22],"growth":[23],"of":[24,30,61,75,78,88,108,134],"city":[26,156],"required":[27],"exploitation":[29],"rural":[31,137],"with":[33,50,157],"craft":[34],"skills.":[35],"To":[36],"prevent":[37],"them":[38],"from":[39],"escaping":[40],"and":[41,99,101,139,146],"to":[42,96,104,142,144,150],"spur":[43],"higher":[44],"production,":[45],"owners":[46,80],"entered":[47],"into":[48],"arrangements":[49],"their":[51,127,140],"slaves,":[52,79,116],"promising":[53],"eventual":[54],"freedom":[55],"return":[57],"for":[58,130],"many":[59],"years":[60],"hard":[62],"work.":[63],"This":[64,86],"was":[65],"a":[66,69,92],"practical,":[67],"not":[68],"philanthropic":[70],"arrangement;":[71],"release":[74],"one":[76],"group":[77],"would":[81],"simply":[82],"purchase":[83],"additional":[84],"ones.":[85],"practice":[87],"term":[89],"created":[91],"labor":[93],"force":[94],"affordable":[95],"small":[97],"craftsmen":[98],"manufacturers":[100],"directly":[102],"contributed":[103],"urban":[106],"development":[107],"country's":[110],"third":[111],"largest":[112],"city.":[113],"Newly":[114],"driven":[117],"by":[118],"debts":[119],"contracted":[120],"purchasing":[122],"freedom,":[123],"remained":[124],"dependent":[125],"upon":[126],"former":[128],"masters":[129],"employment.":[131],"freeing":[133],"blacks":[135],"Maryland":[138],"migrations":[141],"work":[145],"save":[147],"order":[149],"aid":[151],"still-enslaved":[152],"kin":[153],"supplied":[154],"more":[159],"free":[160],"black":[161],"workers.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}