{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998725475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","title":"Observations of radiocarbon in CO2 at seven global sampling sites in the Scripps flask network: Analysis of spatial gradients and seasonal cycles","display_name":"Observations of radiocarbon in CO2 at seven global sampling sites in the Scripps flask network: Analysis of spatial gradients and seasonal cycles","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998725475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","mag":"1998725475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2011jd016535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JD016535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JD016535","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071474233","display_name":"Heather Graven","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-2502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-2502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257012","display_name":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm24z48","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257012"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather D. Graven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088","https://openalex.org/I4405257012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074563265","display_name":"Thomas P. Guilderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-7059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-7059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas P. Guilderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA","Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076790483","display_name":"Ralph F. Keeling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-2253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-2253"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150209017","display_name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/04v7hvq31","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph F. Keeling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150209017","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5528,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94649525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"117","issue":"D2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-14","display_name":"carbon-14","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-co2","display_name":"atmospheric CO2","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interhemispheric-gradient","display_name":"interhemispheric gradient","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-fuel-co2-emissions","display_name":"fossil fuel CO2 emissions","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratosphere-troposphere-exchange","display_name":"stratosphere-troposphere exchange","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-cycle","display_name":"seasonal cycle","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-hemisphere","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-hemisphere","display_name":"Southern Hemisphere","score":0.984000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777252438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41228","display_name":"Southern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.8535932302474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39061","display_name":"Northern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.8285967707633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.6831286549568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6787078380584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.6187484860420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163861444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108376","display_name":"Stratosphere","level":2,"score":0.5502005219459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.520086407661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4875609278678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.4607686996459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100134115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173412","display_name":"Radiocarbon dating","level":2,"score":0.4560858905315399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.4201315939426422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29949963092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1374320685863495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10336670279502869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06945055723190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2011jd016535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JD016535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research-collection.ethz.ch:20.500.11850/46356","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/46356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402302","display_name":"Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","host_organization_name":"ETH Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000046356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000046356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000046356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051236","display_name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich Research Collection","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2011jd016535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016535","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2011JD016535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7664170643","display_name":"A Study of the Global Carbon Cycle Based on Measurements of the Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2)","funder_award_id":"0632770","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998725475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998725475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109752641","https://openalex.org/W1563548583","https://openalex.org/W1579684548","https://openalex.org/W1588976221","https://openalex.org/W1609491364","https://openalex.org/W1614971536","https://openalex.org/W1641560695","https://openalex.org/W1678157725","https://openalex.org/W1945170571","https://openalex.org/W1969446777","https://openalex.org/W1974623048","https://openalex.org/W1978300494","https://openalex.org/W1992073696","https://openalex.org/W1994332766","https://openalex.org/W1998729235","https://openalex.org/W2001800641","https://openalex.org/W2011258135","https://openalex.org/W2013933069","https://openalex.org/W2018755287","https://openalex.org/W2020005999","https://openalex.org/W2020071468","https://openalex.org/W2021445896","https://openalex.org/W2037922997","https://openalex.org/W2047590203","https://openalex.org/W2048115832","https://openalex.org/W2049978020","https://openalex.org/W2051124623","https://openalex.org/W2053471539","https://openalex.org/W2055171560","https://openalex.org/W2056704691","https://openalex.org/W2064437612","https://openalex.org/W2070578742","https://openalex.org/W2077505828","https://openalex.org/W2078702330","https://openalex.org/W2091524823","https://openalex.org/W2096939648","https://openalex.org/W2108732658","https://openalex.org/W2113653283","https://openalex.org/W2114967091","https://openalex.org/W2118984328","https://openalex.org/W2120706511","https://openalex.org/W2121085229","https://openalex.org/W2122143529","https://openalex.org/W2125176047","https://openalex.org/W2133920545","https://openalex.org/W2140989581","https://openalex.org/W2142667411","https://openalex.org/W2143137848","https://openalex.org/W2146163603","https://openalex.org/W2148708766","https://openalex.org/W2159467620","https://openalex.org/W2160571426","https://openalex.org/W2165121156","https://openalex.org/W2165193365","https://openalex.org/W2168433360","https://openalex.org/W2168819101","https://openalex.org/W2169780853","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2184680983","https://openalex.org/W2294452394","https://openalex.org/W2298757935","https://openalex.org/W2463669360","https://openalex.org/W2499463355","https://openalex.org/W2508188508","https://openalex.org/W2929568089","https://openalex.org/W2972056435","https://openalex.org/W4249681533","https://openalex.org/W4249803219","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4294555410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7091329081","https://openalex.org/W2169780853","https://openalex.org/W4388480457","https://openalex.org/W2565178667","https://openalex.org/W2125203281","https://openalex.org/W4416865666","https://openalex.org/W4416602144","https://openalex.org/W1986565195","https://openalex.org/W2057657166","https://openalex.org/W2114967091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"precision":[1],"measurements":[2],"of":[3,10,69,80,131,199],"\u039414C":[4,24,36,56,132,167,200],"were":[5,172],"conducted":[6],"for":[7,78,195],"monthly":[8],"samples":[9],"CO2from":[11],"seven":[12],"global":[13],"stations":[14],"over":[15,25],"2\u2010":[16],"to":[17,42,92,122,133,153],"16\u2010year":[18],"periods":[19],"ending":[20],"in":[21,27,37,57,97,116,155,159,168,201],"2007.":[22],"Mean":[23],"2005\u201307":[26],"the":[28,38,58,65,81,85,98,114,156,160,196],"Northern":[29,59],"Hemisphere":[30,60],"was":[31,61,76,112],"5":[32,139],"\u2030":[33,140],"lower":[34],"than":[35,64],"Southern":[39,161],"Hemisphere,":[40],"similar":[41],"recent":[43],"observations":[44],"from":[45,53,125,207,212],"I.":[46],"Levin.":[47],"This":[48],"is":[49],"a":[50],"significant":[51],"shift":[52,141],"1988\u201389":[54,118],"when":[55],"slightly":[62],"higher":[63,166],"South.":[66],"The":[67,102,137],"influence":[68],"fossil":[70,108,134],"fuel":[71,109,135,190],"CO2":[72,110],"emission":[73],"and":[74,90,119,128,185],"transport":[75,88],"simulated":[77,103],"each":[79],"observation":[82],"sites":[83],"by":[84,107,147],"TM3":[86],"atmospheric":[87],"model":[89],"compared":[91],"other":[93],"models":[94],"that":[95],"participated":[96],"Transcom":[99],"3":[100],"Experiment.":[101],"interhemispheric":[104],"gradient":[105],"caused":[106,146],"emissions":[111,127,191],"nearly":[113],"same":[115],"both":[117],"2005\u201307,":[120],"due":[121,152],"compensating":[123],"effects":[124],"rising":[126],"decreasing":[129],"sensitivity":[130],"CO2.":[136],"observed":[138,180],"must":[142],"therefore":[143],"have":[144],"been":[145],"non\u2010fossil":[148,208],"influences,":[149,209],"most":[150,175,210],"likely":[151,211],"changes":[154],"air\u2010sea14C":[157],"flux":[158],"Ocean.":[162],"Seasonal":[163],"cycles":[164,198],"with":[165,177],"summer":[169],"or":[170],"fall":[171],"evident":[173],"at":[174,181],"stations,":[176],"largest":[178],"amplitudes":[179],"Point":[182],"Barrow":[183],"(71\u00b0N)":[184],"La":[186],"Jolla":[187],"(32\u00b0N).":[188],"Fossil":[189],"do":[192],"not":[193],"account":[194],"seasonal":[197],"either":[202],"hemisphere,":[203],"indicating":[204],"strong":[205],"contributions":[206],"stratosphere\u2010troposphere":[213],"exchange.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
