{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998718153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","title":"The impact of conducted energy devices and other types of force and resistance on officer and suspect injuries","display_name":"The impact of conducted energy devices and other types of force and resistance on officer and suspect injuries","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998718153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","mag":"1998718153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/13639510710778822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169472","display_name":"Policing An International Journal","issn_l":"1363-951X","issn":["1363-951X","1758-695X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060364540","display_name":"Michael Robert Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7329-6031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7329-6031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael R. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012927899","display_name":"Robert J. Kaminski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-2714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-2714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Kaminski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058897702","display_name":"Jeff J. Rojek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Rojek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052744454","display_name":"Geoffrey P. Alpert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-3572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-3572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey P. Alpert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029413374","display_name":"Jason Mathis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Mathis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":49.6828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99714768,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"423","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.5238999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.5238999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.4702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12138","display_name":"Occupational Health and Performance","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-use-of-force","display_name":"police use of force","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/officer-injury","display_name":"officer injury","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pepper-spray","display_name":"pepper spray","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-dogs","display_name":"police dogs","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/less-lethal-force","display_name":"less-lethal force","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injury-severity","display_name":"injury severity","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-tactics","display_name":"police tactics","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.9232059717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.869990885257721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.8159396648406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6424887776374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6341590881347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.569966733455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4447599947452545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43817585706710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3150854706764221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3038005828857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2961655855178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19945108890533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1142524778842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0684964656829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/13639510710778822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510710778822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169472","display_name":"Policing An International Journal","issn_l":"1363-951X","issn":["1363-951X","1758-695X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150433477","https://openalex.org/W590120055","https://openalex.org/W1506067320","https://openalex.org/W1557473936","https://openalex.org/W1966639165","https://openalex.org/W1966986302","https://openalex.org/W1984800843","https://openalex.org/W1989961654","https://openalex.org/W1991677989","https://openalex.org/W1996536678","https://openalex.org/W2004124003","https://openalex.org/W2005053987","https://openalex.org/W2005255227","https://openalex.org/W2013018900","https://openalex.org/W2016382728","https://openalex.org/W2019538404","https://openalex.org/W2028909105","https://openalex.org/W2030655371","https://openalex.org/W2036498729","https://openalex.org/W2044208845","https://openalex.org/W2044453219","https://openalex.org/W2057911831","https://openalex.org/W2057932134","https://openalex.org/W2058344451","https://openalex.org/W2060950226","https://openalex.org/W2066968599","https://openalex.org/W2068232582","https://openalex.org/W2075262402","https://openalex.org/W2079293893","https://openalex.org/W2083203827","https://openalex.org/W2095440261","https://openalex.org/W2100019658","https://openalex.org/W2108965324","https://openalex.org/W2139402592","https://openalex.org/W2147603675","https://openalex.org/W2150780150","https://openalex.org/W2153629057","https://openalex.org/W2155460726","https://openalex.org/W2159951718","https://openalex.org/W2184982464","https://openalex.org/W2404966020","https://openalex.org/W2514291607","https://openalex.org/W2575631709","https://openalex.org/W2941533838","https://openalex.org/W4243425801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121519529","https://openalex.org/W2145355668","https://openalex.org/W2186909255","https://openalex.org/W2157718010","https://openalex.org/W1992754627","https://openalex.org/W3034477503","https://openalex.org/W166016668","https://openalex.org/W2108200265","https://openalex.org/W2230321617","https://openalex.org/W2166396577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,77,219,308],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,11,14,29,70,74,79,86,94,111,116,124,135,145,153,160,181,211,227,231,240,269,276,287,299,321],"this":[4,166,288],"paper":[5],"is":[6],"to":[7,66,108,224,242,254],"examine":[8],"the":[9,68,92,101,109,114,133,151,184,200,203,209,229,238,267,285,297,315,319],"effect":[10],"police":[12,139],"use":[13,78,105,115,134,152,188,213,230,268,304],"conducted":[15],"energy":[16],"devices":[17],"(CEDs)":[18],"on":[19,38,208,296,318],"officer":[20,87,146],"and":[21,31,33,47,59,72,88,91,147,233,245,261],"suspect":[22,89,95,125,148,161],"injuries":[23,194],"while":[24,150],"controlling":[25],"for":[26,205,323],"other":[27,34,102,128,201,215,225],"types":[28],"force":[30],"resistance":[32],"factors.":[35],"Design/methodology/approach":[36],"Data":[37],"1,645":[39],"use\u2010of\u2010force":[40],"incidents":[41],"occurring":[42],"between":[43],"January":[44],"1,":[45],"2002":[46],"July":[48],"2006":[49],"were":[50],"obtained":[51],"from":[52],"two":[53,172],"different":[54,174,179],"law":[55,175,246,255,324],"enforcement":[56,176,247,256],"agencies.":[57],"Logistic":[58],"generalized":[60],"ordered":[61],"logistic":[62],"regressions":[63],"are":[64],"used":[65],"model":[67],"odds":[69,85,110,123,144,159],"injury":[71,90,96,241,300],"severity":[73,93],"injury.":[75,126,162],"Findings":[76],"CEDs":[80,232,260,322],"was":[81,106,119,140,155,168,189,291],"associated":[82,120,141,156,190,301],"with":[83,121,142,157,178,191,302],"reduced":[84,122],"in":[97,130,171,193,195,214,274,305],"one":[98,196],"agency.":[99],"In":[100],"agency":[103,197],"CED":[104,182,187,212,303],"unrelated":[107],"injury;":[112],"however,":[113],"pepper":[117,234],"spray":[118,235],"Among":[127],"findings,":[129],"both":[131,243],"agencies":[132,177,257,264],"hands\u2010on":[136,277],"tactics":[137,278],"by":[138],"increased":[143,158],"injury,":[149],"canines":[154],"Research":[163],"limitations/implications":[164],"Although":[165],"research":[167,207,295],"carried":[169],"out":[170],"distinctly":[173],"histories":[180],"adoption,":[183],"fact":[185],"that":[186,222,263],"reductions":[192],"but":[198],"not":[199],"indicates":[202],"need":[204],"additional":[206],"impact":[210],"settings":[216],"Practical":[217],"implications":[218],"analysis":[220],"suggests":[221,262],"relative":[223],"forms":[226],"force,":[228],"can":[236],"reduce":[237],"risk":[239],"suspects":[244],"officers.":[248],"This":[249],"information":[250],"should":[251,265],"prove":[252],"useful":[253],"considering":[258],"adopting":[259],"consider":[266],"these":[270],"less":[271],"lethal":[272],"alternatives":[273],"place":[275],"against":[279],"actively":[280],"resistant":[281],"suspects.":[282],"Originality/value":[283],"At":[284],"time":[286],"writing":[289],"there":[290],"no":[292],"published":[293],"independent":[294],"risks":[298],"field":[306],"settings.":[307],"findings":[309],"reported":[310],"herein":[311],"will":[312],"help":[313],"inform":[314],"public":[316],"debate":[317],"utility":[320],"enforcement.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
