{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998716409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","title":"Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity.","display_name":"Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity.","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998716409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","mag":"1998716409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005325883","display_name":"David A. Kravitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7317-9502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7317-9502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Kravitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida International U, North Miami, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida International U, North Miami, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000701258","display_name":"Judith Platania","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Platania","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.0826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":306,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99505727,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"6","first_page":"928","last_page":"938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.8705999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13170","display_name":"Discrimination and Equality Law","score":0.039400000125169754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.025599999353289604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes-toward-affirmative-action","display_name":"attitudes toward affirmative action","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-groups","display_name":"target groups","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences","display_name":"ethnic differences","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-recruitment","display_name":"minority recruitment","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women","display_name":"women","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-with-disabilities","display_name":"people with disabilities","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quotas","display_name":"quotas","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-treatment","display_name":"preferential treatment","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misunderstanding","display_name":"misunderstanding","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.3070000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777732099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214244","display_name":"Affirmative action","level":2,"score":0.875063419342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.8483824729919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7627413868904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7462128400802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6316861510276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12898021936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1065930724143982}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0021-9010.78.6.928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.6.928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.6.928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:docs.rwu.edu:fcas_fp-1221","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.rwu.edu/fcas_fp/221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196758","display_name":"Roger Williams University - Digital Commons (Roger Williams University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79839527","host_organization_name":"Roger Williams University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79839527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152968814","https://openalex.org/W240471397","https://openalex.org/W1969924083","https://openalex.org/W1985856160","https://openalex.org/W1993012865","https://openalex.org/W2016570721","https://openalex.org/W2016923380","https://openalex.org/W2019501646","https://openalex.org/W2032246087","https://openalex.org/W2034025364","https://openalex.org/W2035329765","https://openalex.org/W2036389121","https://openalex.org/W2070420935","https://openalex.org/W2076822368","https://openalex.org/W2097752821","https://openalex.org/W2117581077","https://openalex.org/W2117857587","https://openalex.org/W2129749876","https://openalex.org/W2142211443","https://openalex.org/W2145520874","https://openalex.org/W2161521788","https://openalex.org/W2317593591","https://openalex.org/W2317742357","https://openalex.org/W2608815785","https://openalex.org/W2799232732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052293879","https://openalex.org/W1966783786","https://openalex.org/W2084363895","https://openalex.org/W1215276054","https://openalex.org/W2033339972","https://openalex.org/W2072368922","https://openalex.org/W1143859050","https://openalex.org/W2567121696","https://openalex.org/W191267945","https://openalex.org/W2625914446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"349":[0],"undergraduates":[1],"at":[2],"a":[3,40],"multicultural":[4],"metropolitan":[5],"university":[6],"were":[7,71,80,88],"surveyed":[8],"to":[9,77,91,98,102],"assess":[10],"(1)":[11],"beliefs":[12,32,67],"and":[13,30,33,52,55,64,75,85,111,127],"evaluations":[14],"of":[15,18,42,61],"potential":[16,92],"components":[17,94],"affirmative":[19,28,69,116],"action":[20,29,70,117],"plans":[21],"(AAPs),":[22],"(2)":[23],"correlations":[24],"between":[25],"attitudes":[26],"toward":[27],"such":[31],"evaluations,":[34],"(3)":[35],"differences":[36,57],"in":[37,58],"reactions":[38],"as":[39],"function":[41],"the":[43,59,99],"AAP":[44,93],"target":[45],"(minorities,":[46],"women,":[47],"or":[48],"people":[49],"with":[50,115],"disabilities),":[51],"(4)":[53],"gender":[54,110],"ethnic":[56],"results":[60],"1,":[62],"2,":[63],"3.":[65],"Many":[66],"about":[68,125],"incorrect.":[72],"Recruitment,":[73],"training,":[74],"attention":[76],"applicant":[78],"qualifications":[79],"favored,":[81],"whereas":[82],"discrimination,":[83],"quotas,":[84],"preferential":[86],"treatment":[87],"opposed.":[89],"Opposition":[90],"was":[95],"directly":[96],"related":[97],"weight":[100],"given":[101],"demographic":[103],"status.":[104],"Responses":[105],"varied":[106],"depending":[107],"on":[108],"respondent":[109],"ethnicity.":[112],"Conflict":[113],"associated":[114],"can":[118],"be":[119],"minimized":[120],"by":[121,128],"eliminating":[122],"certain":[123],"misperceptions":[124],"AAPs":[126],"incorporating":[129],"positively":[130],"evaluated":[131],"components.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}