{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998514105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","title":"Insurance against Germ Theory: Commerce and Conservatism in Late-Victorian Medicine","display_name":"Insurance against Germ Theory: Commerce and Conservatism in Late-Victorian Medicine","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998514105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","mag":"1998514105","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71642434","display_name":"Bulletin of the history of medicine","issn_l":"0007-5140","issn":["0007-5140","1086-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083366738","display_name":"Timothy L. Alborn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1110-3345","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1110-3345"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Alborn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083366738"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4395,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90552663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"3","first_page":"406","last_page":"445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.6068999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.6068999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12778","display_name":"History of Medicine and Tropical Health","score":0.20479999482631683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.0778999999165535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-insurance","display_name":"life insurance","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germ-theory","display_name":"germ theory","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hereditarianism","display_name":"hereditarianism","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-examination","display_name":"medical examination","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consultant-physicians","display_name":"medical consultants","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-uncertainty","display_name":"clinical uncertainty","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservatism","display_name":"conservatism","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victorian-medicine","display_name":"Victorian medicine","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance-medicine","display_name":"insurance medicine","score":0.3009999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96640997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163004","display_name":"Conservatism","level":3,"score":0.6716231107711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383258","display_name":"Orthodoxy","level":2,"score":0.625451922416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183454016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425837","display_name":"Germ theory of disease","level":2,"score":0.5513699054718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020299011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626608","display_name":"Life insurance","level":2,"score":0.5481482148170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779220109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50000","display_name":"Victory","level":3,"score":0.5420260429382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.4383190870285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4013078510761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37696129083633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.36877793073654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3519057035446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3406134843826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32353347539901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2796083092689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.11900508403778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001291","descriptor_name":"Attitude of Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007352","descriptor_name":"Insurance, Life","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015273","descriptor_name":"Insurance Selection Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2001.0105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71642434","display_name":"Bulletin of the history of medicine","issn_l":"0007-5140","issn":["0007-5140","1086-3176"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11568486","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the history of medicine","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/4704","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/4704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347598288","https://openalex.org/W398203344","https://openalex.org/W406001364","https://openalex.org/W567745927","https://openalex.org/W573523582","https://openalex.org/W581923087","https://openalex.org/W643423748","https://openalex.org/W652171076","https://openalex.org/W655400268","https://openalex.org/W1589386537","https://openalex.org/W1833012449","https://openalex.org/W1977449105","https://openalex.org/W1983047063","https://openalex.org/W1986935596","https://openalex.org/W1990361489","https://openalex.org/W1997234013","https://openalex.org/W1997235912","https://openalex.org/W1998404956","https://openalex.org/W2017311252","https://openalex.org/W2027957555","https://openalex.org/W2041283138","https://openalex.org/W2052362549","https://openalex.org/W2056841350","https://openalex.org/W2059760662","https://openalex.org/W2063690512","https://openalex.org/W2067801481","https://openalex.org/W2069917148","https://openalex.org/W2070688495","https://openalex.org/W2071626803","https://openalex.org/W2084968234","https://openalex.org/W2094862918","https://openalex.org/W2102732930","https://openalex.org/W2128993014","https://openalex.org/W2147591380","https://openalex.org/W2152278281","https://openalex.org/W2157104967","https://openalex.org/W2296917647","https://openalex.org/W2325393726","https://openalex.org/W2325468189","https://openalex.org/W2397126093","https://openalex.org/W2405312082","https://openalex.org/W2411696070","https://openalex.org/W2487923505","https://openalex.org/W2501133510","https://openalex.org/W2569742501","https://openalex.org/W2581503233","https://openalex.org/W2798076725","https://openalex.org/W2798414504","https://openalex.org/W2902585526","https://openalex.org/W2904347591","https://openalex.org/W2921530153","https://openalex.org/W2949693213","https://openalex.org/W3017117626","https://openalex.org/W3022220657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059760662","https://openalex.org/W7038583661","https://openalex.org/W613498272","https://openalex.org/W1966645446","https://openalex.org/W2981989241","https://openalex.org/W2069917148","https://openalex.org/W2235104158","https://openalex.org/W4230798419","https://openalex.org/W2116121213","https://openalex.org/W609493037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,157],"article":[1],"highlights":[2],"the":[3,13,55,60,64,93,135,167,170,173],"role":[4],"played":[5],"by":[6,129],"commercial":[7],"life":[8,24,86,126],"insurance":[9,177],"companies":[10],"in":[11,17,80,106,134,143,152],"determining":[12],"response":[14],"to":[15,31],"tuberculosis":[16],"Britain":[18],"between":[19,116],"1865":[20],"and":[21,47,58,109,119,148],"1920.":[22],"Late-Victorian":[23],"offices":[25,87,127],"hired":[26],"two":[27],"sorts":[28],"of":[29,70,73,95,145,154,159,169,176],"physicians":[30],"help":[32],"them":[33,138],"screen":[34],"out":[35],"high-risk":[36],"proposals:":[37],"provincial":[38,98],"medical":[39,49,56,184],"examiners,":[40],"who":[41,51],"collected":[42],"fees":[43],"for":[44,54,63,92,166,181],"examining":[45],"candidates;":[46],"salaried":[48,131],"advisors,":[50,132],"developed":[52],"guidelines":[53],"examination":[57],"interpreted":[59],"examiners'":[61],"findings":[62],"head":[65],"office.":[66],"The":[67,97],"latter":[68],"set":[69],"physicians,":[71],"many":[72],"whom":[74],"worked":[75],"at":[76,164],"specialist":[77],"consumption":[78],"hospitals":[79],"London,":[81],"established":[82],"an":[83],"orthodoxy":[84],"among":[85],"that":[88,101,104],"privileged":[89],"hereditarian":[90],"explanations":[91],"cause":[94],"tuberculosis.":[96,120],"examiners":[99],"resisted":[100],"orthodoxy,":[102],"arguing":[103],"advances":[105],"public":[107],"health":[108],"treatment":[110],"rendered":[111],"irrelevant":[112],"any":[113],"apparent":[114],"correlation":[115],"family":[117],"history":[118],"In":[121],"adjudicating":[122],"this":[123],"internal":[124],"dispute,":[125],"stood":[128],"their":[130],"but":[133],"process":[136],"pushed":[137],"away":[139],"from":[140],"viewing":[141,150],"disease":[142,151],"terms":[144,153],"specific":[146],"causes":[147],"toward":[149],"statistical":[155],"correlation.":[156],"victory":[158],"statistics":[160],"over":[161],"etiology":[162],"preserved,":[163],"least":[165],"rest":[168],"twentieth":[171],"century,":[172],"institutional":[174],"prominence":[175],"as":[178],"a":[179],"technique":[180],"coping":[182],"with":[183],"uncertainty.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}