{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998483652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","title":"Tidal Streams as Probes of the Galactic Potential","display_name":"Tidal Streams as Probes of the Galactic Potential","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998483652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","mag":"1998483652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/311876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/311876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/311876/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035172464","display_name":"Kathryn V. Johnston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-6727","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-6727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathryn V. Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08450"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050887524","display_name":"Hongsheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-8688","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-8688"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156226","display_name":"Leiden Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/03es66g06","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I4387156226"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HongSheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sterrewacht Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sterrewacht Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091900050","display_name":"David N. Spergel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5151-0006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5151-0006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David N. Spergel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University Observatory, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544-1001"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University Observatory, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544-1001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081711451","display_name":"Lars Hernquist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-1629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-1629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Hernquist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, 477 Clark Kerr Hall, Santa Cruz, CA 95064"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, 477 Clark Kerr Hall, Santa Cruz, CA 95064","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":205,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94400776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"512","issue":"2","first_page":"L109","last_page":"L112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.8726000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.8726000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.11550000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tidal-currents","display_name":"tidal currents","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milky-way-potential","display_name":"Milky Way potential","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-streams","display_name":"stellar streams","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-interferometry-mission","display_name":"Space Interferometry Mission","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proper-motions","display_name":"proper motions","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radial-velocity","display_name":"radial velocity","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-space-reconstruction","display_name":"phase space reconstruction","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-halo","display_name":"Galactic halo","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8038256168365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555520305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321","display_name":"Milky Way","level":3,"score":0.7517980337142944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.7032603621482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183582522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239165","display_name":"Galactic plane","level":3,"score":0.5513908863067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.4893612265586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.47462666034698486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151342819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62542","display_name":"Phase space","level":2,"score":0.43235501646995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.42781922221183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186467627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12134","display_name":"Celestial sphere","level":2,"score":0.4251357614994049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184665706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186310","display_name":"Halo","level":3,"score":0.4136589467525482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48387981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631379","display_name":"Galactic halo","level":4,"score":0.4106258749961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.366024374961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.13089343905448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/311876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/311876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9807243","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9807243","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9807243","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.316.7502","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.316.7502","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9807243v2.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.317.2330","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.317.2330","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9807243v1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:360670","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/360670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9807243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9807243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9807243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:3171561467","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AAS...193.8402J/abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306501536","display_name":"American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/311876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/311876","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/311876/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3511622541","display_name":"The Formation of Galaxies and Large-Scale Structure","funder_award_id":"9318185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8299238572","display_name":"National Computational Science Alliance","funder_award_id":"9619019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322380","display_name":"Leids Kerkhoven-Bosscha Fonds","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998483652.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998483652.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537291984","https://openalex.org/W1902273973","https://openalex.org/W1964387245","https://openalex.org/W1971056876","https://openalex.org/W1971486998","https://openalex.org/W1974309328","https://openalex.org/W1994553569","https://openalex.org/W1995475336","https://openalex.org/W2001832081","https://openalex.org/W2014312985","https://openalex.org/W2016888075","https://openalex.org/W2030520011","https://openalex.org/W2031859729","https://openalex.org/W2032728617","https://openalex.org/W2052050108","https://openalex.org/W2053366203","https://openalex.org/W2065251137","https://openalex.org/W2065625824","https://openalex.org/W2077139295","https://openalex.org/W2078491204","https://openalex.org/W2078588952","https://openalex.org/W2092948595","https://openalex.org/W2121193262","https://openalex.org/W2125712657","https://openalex.org/W2627093669","https://openalex.org/W2949215941","https://openalex.org/W2997179718","https://openalex.org/W3084305635","https://openalex.org/W4232857995","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903567069","https://openalex.org/W2006730208","https://openalex.org/W2149267721","https://openalex.org/W7100557730","https://openalex.org/W1493556957","https://openalex.org/W2281860021","https://openalex.org/W1969724552","https://openalex.org/W2991098623","https://openalex.org/W2421645002","https://openalex.org/W2314086127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,77,162],"explore":[1],"the":[2,12,15,24,27,33,40,70,80,97,103,119,134,138,144,147,153,160,168,177,213,217,220,224,228],"use":[3],"of":[4,14,26,42,46,59,84,102,152,156,170,200,212],"tidal":[5,247],"streams":[6],"from":[7,90,121],"Galactic":[8,104,139,184],"satellites":[9],"for":[10,137,227],"recovering":[11],"potential":[13,173],"Milky":[16,229],"Way.":[17],"Our":[18],"study":[19],"is":[20],"motivated":[21],"both":[22],"by":[23,39,174],"discovery":[25],"first":[28],"lengthy":[29],"stellar":[30],"stream":[31,55],"in":[32,52,216,231,245],"halo":[34],"(Irwin":[35],"&":[36],"Totten)":[37],"and":[38,95,99,179,210],"prospect":[41],"measuring":[43],"proper":[44],"motions":[45],"stars":[47,86,148,180,244],"brighter":[48],"than":[49],"20th":[50],"magnitude":[51],"such":[53],"a":[54,150,183,197,232,238,246],"with":[56,69,106,204],"an":[57,164],"accuracy":[58,169],"~4":[60],"\u03bcas":[61],"yr":[62],"-1":[63],",":[64],"as":[65,124,149],"will":[66,111],"be":[67,88,113],"possible":[68],"Space":[71],"Interferometry":[72],"Mission":[73],"(":[74],"SIM":[75,116],").":[76],"assume":[78,133],"that":[79,96,176],"heliocentric":[81],"radial":[82],"velocities":[83],"these":[85],"can":[87,142,222],"determined":[89],"supporting":[91],"ground-based":[92],"spectroscopic":[93],"surveys":[94],"mass":[98],"phase-space":[100,189],"coordinates":[101,190],"satellite":[105,178],"which":[107],"they":[108],"are":[109,191],"associated":[110],"also":[112],"known":[114],"to":[115,146,166,196,236],"accuracy.":[117],"Using":[118],"results":[120],"numerical":[122],"simulations":[123],"trial":[125],"data":[126,234],"sets,":[127],"we":[128,132,141],"find":[129],"that,":[130],"if":[131],"correct":[135],"form":[136],"potential,":[140],"predict":[143],"distances":[145],"consequence":[151],"narrow":[154],"distribution":[155],"energy":[157],"expected":[158],"along":[159],"streams.":[161],"develop":[163],"algorithm":[165,221],"evaluate":[167],"any":[171],"adopted":[172],"requiring":[175],"recombine":[181],"within":[182,237],"lifetime":[185],"when":[186],"their":[187],"current":[188],"integrated":[192],"backward.":[193],"When":[194],"applied":[195],"four-dimensional":[198],"grid":[199],"triaxial":[201],"logarithmic":[202],"potentials,":[203],"varying":[205],"circular":[206],"velocities,":[207],"axis":[208,215],"ratios,":[209],"orientation":[211],"major":[214],"disk":[218],"plane,":[219],"recover":[223],"parameters":[225],"used":[226],"Way":[230],"simulated":[233],"set":[235],"few":[239],"percent":[240],"using":[241],"only":[242],"100":[243],"stream.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}