{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998388948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","title":"The primordial black hole mass spectrum","display_name":"The primordial black hole mass spectrum","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998388948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","mag":"1998388948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/153853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070800757","display_name":"B. J. Carr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. J. Carr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070800757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.6628,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1514,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99290993,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"201","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11090","display_name":"Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primordial-black-holes","display_name":"primordial black holes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-hole-mass-spectrum","display_name":"black hole mass spectrum","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-formation","display_name":"galaxy formation","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensation-nuclei","display_name":"condensation nuclei","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-equation-of-state","display_name":"soft equation of state","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primordial-perturbations","display_name":"primordial perturbations","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9305168390274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182877743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155939","display_name":"Primordial black hole","level":4,"score":0.8270638585090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.7353900671005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.5981492400169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5615249872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.5450681447982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5194813013076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18609725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050633","display_name":"Intermediate-mass black hole","level":4,"score":0.48298752307891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.4302862286567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32602459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913879","display_name":"Binary black hole","level":3,"score":0.4143965542316437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.41038933396339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105500671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047034","display_name":"Stellar black hole","level":3,"score":0.3970832824707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193943012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260761","display_name":"Spin-flip","level":3,"score":0.10257703065872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/153853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/153853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987871438","https://openalex.org/W2125327258","https://openalex.org/W2181766825","https://openalex.org/W2154213064","https://openalex.org/W2073660898","https://openalex.org/W2035563221","https://openalex.org/W1983380408","https://openalex.org/W2892716130","https://openalex.org/W1573315642","https://openalex.org/W3093489401"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,38,57,63,75,88,91,121,131,137,142,145,158],"mass":[4],"spectrum":[5,48,122],"of":[6,18,35,40,74,90,123,133,165],"primordial":[7,41,78,94,124,177],"black":[8,42,79,95,125,178],"holes":[9,43,80,96,126,179],"that":[10,30,144],"should":[11,49],"result":[12],"if":[13],"early":[15,138,146,159],"universe":[16,139,147,160],"consisted":[17],"small":[19],"density":[20,134],"fluctuations":[21,58,64,135],"superposed":[22],"on":[23,87,120,130],"a":[24,32,52,101,162,168,186],"Friedmann":[25,150],"background.":[26],"It":[27],"is":[28,171],"shown":[29,172],"only":[31],"certain":[33],"type":[34],"fluctuation":[36],"favors":[37],"formation":[39,72],"and":[44,62,140],"that,":[45],"consequently,":[46],"their":[47],"always":[50],"have":[51,82,100,107],"particular":[53],"form.":[54],"Since":[55],"both":[56],"which":[59,65,157],"arise":[60],"naturally":[61],"are":[66,73,97],"often":[67],"invoked":[68],"to":[69,99,111,173,188],"explain":[70],"galaxy":[71],"required":[76],"type,":[77],"could":[81,106],"had":[83],"an":[84],"important":[85],"effect":[86],"evolution":[89],"universe.":[92],"Although":[93],"unlikely":[98],"critical":[102],"density,":[103],"big":[104],"ones":[105],"been":[108],"sufficiently":[109],"numerous":[110],"act":[112],"as":[113],"condensation":[114],"nuclei":[115],"for":[116,167],"galaxies.":[117],"Observational":[118],"limits":[119],"place":[127],"strong":[128],"constraints":[129],"magnitude":[132],"in":[136,156,184],"support":[141],"assumption":[143],"was":[148],"nearly":[149],"rather":[151],"than":[152],"chaotic.":[153],"Any":[154],"model":[155],"has":[161],"soft":[163],"equation":[164],"state":[166],"prolonged":[169],"period":[170],"be":[174,189],"suspect,":[175],"since":[176],"probably":[180],"form":[181],"too":[182],"prolifically":[183],"such":[185],"situation":[187],"consistent":[190],"with":[191],"observation.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":138},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":181},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":145},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":127},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
