{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998283580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","title":"Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Past, Present and Future","display_name":"Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Past, Present and Future","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998283580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","mag":"1998283580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/star/article/download/98895/88153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738053363","display_name":"Science Technology and Arts Research Journal","issn_l":"2226-7522","issn":["2226-7522","2305-3372"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311047","host_organization_name":"Wollega University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wollega University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/star/article/download/98895/88153","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090096750","display_name":"Eyasu Ejeta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-9440","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-9440"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I301615471","display_name":"Wollega University","ror":"https://ror.org/00316zc91","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Ejeta","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Health and of Medical Sciences, Wollega University,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health and of Medical Sciences, Wollega University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108214009","display_name":"M Legesse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I301615471","display_name":"Wollega University","ror":"https://ror.org/00316zc91","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Legesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nekemte, Ethiopia","of Medical Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nekemte, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"of Medical Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057291424","display_name":"Gobena Ameni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-0671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-0671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I301615471","display_name":"Wollega University","ror":"https://ror.org/00316zc91","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Ameni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nekemte, Ethiopia","of Medical Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nekemte, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"of Medical Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021189829","display_name":"Raghavendra L. S. Hallur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-109X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-109X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I301615471","display_name":"Wollega University","ror":"https://ror.org/00316zc91","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HL Raghavendra","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Health and of Medical Sciences, Wollega University,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Health and of Medical Sciences, Wollega University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I301615471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0955335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"97","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13586","display_name":"HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-incidence-trends","display_name":"tuberculosis incidence trends","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis","display_name":"multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-coinfection","display_name":"HIV coinfection","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis-control","display_name":"tuberculosis control","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-structure","display_name":"age structure","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southeast-asia","display_name":"Southeast Asia","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.7592781782150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6878714561462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5571192502975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.524908185005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5187616348266602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.4912418723106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4878397285938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.45666083693504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.4507458508014679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.43395358324050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4143916964530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2965301275253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/star/article/download/98895/88153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738053363","display_name":"Science Technology and Arts Research Journal","issn_l":"2226-7522","issn":["2226-7522","2305-3372"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311047","host_organization_name":"Wollega University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wollega University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/star.v2i2.98895","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/star/article/download/98895/88153","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738053363","display_name":"Science Technology and Arts Research Journal","issn_l":"2226-7522","issn":["2226-7522","2305-3372"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311047","host_organization_name":"Wollega University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311047"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wollega University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998283580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1998283580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505033636","https://openalex.org/W1584927341","https://openalex.org/W1599907996","https://openalex.org/W1965607919","https://openalex.org/W2011462264","https://openalex.org/W2033935371","https://openalex.org/W2105791402","https://openalex.org/W2113619191","https://openalex.org/W2118804480","https://openalex.org/W2119636380","https://openalex.org/W2160555964","https://openalex.org/W2161425692","https://openalex.org/W2169602677","https://openalex.org/W2314003891","https://openalex.org/W2400126662","https://openalex.org/W2407069856","https://openalex.org/W2412476697","https://openalex.org/W2413320991","https://openalex.org/W2730034022","https://openalex.org/W3141101653","https://openalex.org/W4283773394","https://openalex.org/W6676986100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599907996","https://openalex.org/W4212890649","https://openalex.org/W2302150751","https://openalex.org/W3114468082","https://openalex.org/W2028000587","https://openalex.org/W2285647828","https://openalex.org/W2162667401","https://openalex.org/W4362562475","https://openalex.org/W2358068400","https://openalex.org/W4249756873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tuberculosis":[0],"(TB),":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,13,29,52,54,61,68,74,81,90,95,103,113,131,139,147,162,170,182,189,203,245],"the":[4,10,16,32,36,62,66,79,104,111,132,145,154,160,179,190,227,236],"most":[5,60,102],"widespread":[6],"infectious":[7],"diseases,":[8],"is":[9],"leading":[11],"cause":[12],"death":[14],"in":[15,22,39,47,59,85,101,134,153,159,172,178,186,194,200,238],"world":[17],"and":[18,42,115,164,184,192,210,213,221],"has":[19],"been":[20,57,120],"known":[21],"humans":[23],"since":[24,31,65],"ancient":[25],"time.The":[26],"epidemi":[27],"trends":[28],"tuberculosis":[30],"pre-chemotherapy":[33],"era":[34],"to":[35,86,122,129,150,234],"current":[37],"both":[38],"developed":[40,63,124],"countries":[41,44,64,106,125,161,202],"developing":[43,105,135,201],"are":[45],"presented":[46],"this":[48],"review.A":[49],"declining":[50],"trend":[51,88],"magnitude":[53],"TB":[55,98,140,239],"have":[56,119],"observed":[58,100],"beginning":[67],"20":[69],"th":[70],"century":[71],"with":[72],"modification":[73],"life":[75],"standard":[76],"but":[77],"after":[78,110],"introduction":[80,112],"chemotherapy,":[82,114],"it":[83],"changed":[84],"upward":[87],"because":[89,169],"HIV":[91,195],"epidemic,":[92],"socio":[93],"emergence":[94],"multi-drug":[96],"resistance":[97],"(MDR":[99],"including":[107,167],"Ethiopia":[108,168],"even":[109],"those":[116],"factors":[117,174],"that":[118],"led":[121,128],"i":[123],"further":[126,152],"also":[127],"worsening":[130],"problem":[133],"countries.The":[136],"Global":[137],"incidence":[138,181],"showed":[141],"a":[142],"decline":[143],"between":[144],"years":[146],"2000":[148],"expected":[149],"increase":[151,177,193],"coming":[155],"years,":[156],"more":[157,208],"significantly":[158],"Africa":[163],"South-East":[165],"Asia":[166],"change":[171],"demographic":[173],"(population":[175],"growth),":[176],"global":[180],"mycobacterium":[183],"changes":[185],"age":[187],"structure":[188],"population":[191],"sero":[196],"prevalence":[197],"rates,":[198],"especially":[199],"South":[204],"Africa.This":[205],"calls":[206],"for":[207],"intensive":[209],"su":[211],"infection":[212],"reducing":[214],"transmission":[215],"through":[216],"increasing":[217],"health":[218],"service":[219],"facility":[220],"decreased":[222],"contributing":[223],"factories,":[224],"run":[225],"all":[226],"research":[228],"activities":[229],"will":[230],"up":[231],"strategies":[232],"adequate":[233],"overcome":[235],"challenges":[237],"control":[240],"An":[241],"Official":[242],"International":[243],"Journal":[244],"Wollega":[246],"University,":[247],"Ethiopia.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}