{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998158231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","title":"Lessons from the History of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Epidemic among Spanish Drug Injectors","display_name":"Lessons from the History of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Epidemic among Spanish Drug Injectors","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998158231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","mag":"1998158231","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14648456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/377562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101541746","display_name":"Lu\u00eds de la Fuente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4527-1608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4527-1608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104705","display_name":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/01dd3fd62","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210104705","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. De la Fuente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain. lfuente@isciii.es","Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain. lfuente@isciii.es","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210104705"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101838746","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Bravo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-3517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-3517"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.\u00a0J. Bravo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083820922","display_name":"Gregorio Barrio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-3213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-3213"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Barrio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Universitario de Salud P\u00fablica, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Universitario de Salud P\u00fablica, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108625707","display_name":"F Parras","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Parras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Su\u00e1rez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Su\u00e1rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112181352","display_name":"A. Rod\u00e9s","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Rod\u00e9s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066572012","display_name":"Isabel Noguer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-5171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-5171"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Noguer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secretar\u00eda del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101541746"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210104705"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84756611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"s5","first_page":"S410","last_page":"S415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-aids-epidemic","display_name":"HIV/AIDS epidemic","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-who-inject-drugs","display_name":"people who inject drugs","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heroin-injection","display_name":"heroin injection","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm-reduction-programs","display_name":"harm reduction programs","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-implementation","display_name":"delayed implementation","score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-transmission","display_name":"HIV transmission","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-consciousness","display_name":"political consciousness","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spain","display_name":"Spain","score":0.5329999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7627034187316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.6204430460929871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529928208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458711","display_name":"Harm reduction","level":3,"score":0.6066527366638184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778903686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60168","display_name":"Heroin","level":3,"score":0.5641831159591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5499618649482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780749119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369403","display_name":"Drug injection","level":3,"score":0.5455803275108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4623412489891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4470130503177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.44172850251197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.39396482706069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3649587631225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.33136609196662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.162185937166214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10743013024330139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0814589262008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006291","descriptor_name":"Health Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006556","descriptor_name":"Heroin Dependence","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006678","descriptor_name":"HIV","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011314","descriptor_name":"Preventive Health Services","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013030","descriptor_name":"Spain","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/377562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/377562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14648456","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14648456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:cid:37/Supplement_5/S410","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/37/Supplement_5/S410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W633490383","https://openalex.org/W1576250833","https://openalex.org/W1994550446","https://openalex.org/W2010452670","https://openalex.org/W2040662501","https://openalex.org/W2046352216","https://openalex.org/W2086392254","https://openalex.org/W2088293577","https://openalex.org/W2091496259","https://openalex.org/W2096203618","https://openalex.org/W2145913112","https://openalex.org/W2157356943","https://openalex.org/W2164319436","https://openalex.org/W2168741323","https://openalex.org/W2172010568","https://openalex.org/W2387584232","https://openalex.org/W2391654488","https://openalex.org/W2411460859","https://openalex.org/W2412981985","https://openalex.org/W2493482485","https://openalex.org/W2902880277","https://openalex.org/W4213265639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099642559","https://openalex.org/W2140591717","https://openalex.org/W2805526878","https://openalex.org/W2108129357","https://openalex.org/W2113514178","https://openalex.org/W1991922844","https://openalex.org/W1994550446","https://openalex.org/W156350383","https://openalex.org/W2126981306","https://openalex.org/W1660674614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Spain,":[1],"approximately":[2],"10":[3],"years":[4],"passed":[5],"between":[6],"the":[7,35,42,55,60,76,82,92,96,124],"time":[8],"when":[9],"human":[10],"immunodeficiency":[11,14],"virus":[12,61],"(HIV)/acquired":[13],"syndrome":[15],"(AIDS)":[16],"harm-reduction":[17],"programs":[18],"should":[19],"have":[20,27],"been":[21],"developed":[22],"with":[23],"sufficient":[24],"coverage":[25],"to":[26,91],"an":[28,51],"optimum":[29],"impact":[30],"on":[31],"public":[32],"health":[33],"(before":[34],"HIV/AIDS":[36],"epidemic's":[37],"explosion":[38],"in":[39,62,114,123],"1984)":[40],"and":[41,75,122],"date":[43],"of":[44,59,69,72,78,81,95,111],"their":[45],"actual":[46],"implementation.":[47],"This":[48],"delay":[49],"yielded":[50],"enormous":[52],"cost":[53],"for":[54],"country.":[56],"The":[57],"introduction":[58],"drug":[63,102],"injector":[64],"networks":[65],"during":[66],"a":[67],"period":[68],"widespread":[70],"diffusion":[71,94],"heroin":[73],"injection":[74,101],"lack":[77],"political":[79],"awareness":[80],"growing":[83],"problem":[84],"were":[85],"2":[86],"important":[87,93],"factors":[88],"that":[89,108],"contributed":[90],"HIV":[97],"infection":[98],"among":[99],"Spanish":[100],"users.":[103],"Lessons":[104],"can":[105],"be":[106,110],"learned":[107],"may":[109],"great":[112],"interest":[113],"countries":[115],"or":[116],"territories":[117],"facing":[118],"similar":[119],"challenges":[120],"now":[121],"future.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
