{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998083979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","title":"Performance, Workload, and Fatigue Changes Associated with Automation","display_name":"Performance, Workload, and Fatigue Changes Associated with Automation","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998083979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","mag":"1998083979","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11540255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207571040","display_name":"International Journal of Aviation Psychology","issn_l":"1050-8414","issn":["1050-8414","1532-7108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Aviation Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002930702","display_name":"Wayne C. Harris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne C. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007652754","display_name":"Peter A. Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-066X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-066X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.A. Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Erik J. Arthur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik J. Arthur","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110283063","display_name":"J.K. Caird","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.K. Caird","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76547619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"169","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13722","display_name":"Ergonomics and Human Factors","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator-performance","display_name":"operator performance","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"workload","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatigue","display_name":"fatigue","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"tracking","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"resource management","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monitoring","display_name":"monitoring","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation-training","display_name":"automation training","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-automation-interaction","display_name":"human-automation interaction","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.9519798755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.8586229085922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7421954870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5035187602043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4861904978752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.46360456943511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.46175456047058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.42786332964897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38027024269104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3571568727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3208763599395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3162113130092621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23228329420089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.11463537812232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10226622223854065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06498652696609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000337","descriptor_name":"Aerospace Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001359","descriptor_name":"Aviation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005221","descriptor_name":"Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005222","descriptor_name":"Mental Fatigue","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0502_3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207571040","display_name":"International Journal of Aviation Psychology","issn_l":"1050-8414","issn":["1050-8414","1532-7108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of Aviation Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11540255","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11540255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000177","https://openalex.org/W96316856","https://openalex.org/W153293446","https://openalex.org/W217922675","https://openalex.org/W1509999805","https://openalex.org/W1522306314","https://openalex.org/W1557496348","https://openalex.org/W1706097554","https://openalex.org/W1854418226","https://openalex.org/W1907557225","https://openalex.org/W1965653554","https://openalex.org/W1984151090","https://openalex.org/W1987302113","https://openalex.org/W1996728935","https://openalex.org/W2032382473","https://openalex.org/W2045458557","https://openalex.org/W2092513461","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2995067936","https://openalex.org/W3021317255","https://openalex.org/W3217134939","https://openalex.org/W6633360099","https://openalex.org/W7007816351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045458557","https://openalex.org/W2306423372","https://openalex.org/W1967416547","https://openalex.org/W7010583019","https://openalex.org/W2067207462","https://openalex.org/W2627036237","https://openalex.org/W2050426605","https://openalex.org/W1576671361","https://openalex.org/W2791722789","https://openalex.org/W2766090822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,117],"experiments":[1],"discussed":[2],"in":[3,18,104,106],"this":[4],"article":[5],"addressed":[6],"the":[7,45,121],"influence":[8],"of":[9,64,85,123,126],"part-task":[10],"automation":[11,97],"on":[12],"operator":[13],"performance,":[14],"workload,":[15],"and":[16,30,38,66,78,90],"fatigue":[17,59],"a":[19],"multitask":[20],"environment.":[21],"overall":[23],"task":[24],"environment":[25],"included":[26],"tracking,":[27,80],"resource":[28,40],"management,":[29],"multiple":[31],"monitoring":[32,37],"subtasks.":[33],"Slower,":[34],"more":[35],"accurate":[36],"better":[39],"management":[41],"were":[42],"observed":[43],"when":[44,55],"tracking":[46,56],"subtask":[47],"was":[48,53,57,99,115],"automated.":[49],"Although":[50],"lower":[51],"workload":[52,73],"reported":[54],"automated,":[58],"increased":[60],"equally":[61],"during":[62,95],"periods":[63,98],"manual":[65,77,91,109],"automatic":[67,79,89],"tracking.":[68,92],"When":[69],"participants":[70,81],"could":[71],"control":[72,110,114,125],"by":[74],"shifting":[75],"between":[76,88],"with":[82],"7":[83],"hr":[84],"training":[86],"switched":[87],"Their":[93],"performance":[94,103],"optional":[96],"superior":[100],"to":[101],"their":[102],"conditions":[105],"which":[107],"only":[108,112],"or":[111],"automated":[113,127],"available.":[116],"findings":[118],"argue":[119],"for":[120],"utility":[122],"discretionary":[124],"systems.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}