{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998075432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","title":"Workplace Risk, Establishment Size and Union Density","display_name":"Workplace Risk, Establishment Size and Union Density","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998075432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","mag":"1998075432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61595665","display_name":"British Journal of Industrial Relations","issn_l":"0007-1080","issn":["0007-1080","1467-8543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Industrial Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=568172","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075046716","display_name":"Paul Fenn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2584-0378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2584-0378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Fenn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Risk and Insurance Studies, Nottingham University Business School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Risk and Insurance Studies, Nottingham University Business School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089996493","display_name":"Simon Ashby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6760-8836","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6760-8836"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152443","display_name":"Lloyds Banking Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ta6rc77","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152443"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Ashby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lloyds TSB Bank plc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lloyds TSB Bank plc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152443"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.1329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98036328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"3","first_page":"461","last_page":"480"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.7484999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.7484999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.19750000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-health-and-safety","display_name":"workplace health and safety","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-injuries","display_name":"occupational injuries","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-diseases","display_name":"occupational diseases","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/establishment-size","display_name":"establishment size","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-density","display_name":"union density","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unionization","display_name":"unionization","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-relations","display_name":"employee relations","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/count-data-modeling","display_name":"count data models","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.9192221760749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333495","display_name":"Falling (accident)","level":2,"score":0.7113276720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.6336046457290649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5426372289657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.47436055541038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.37901875376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37417951226234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32877373695373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.32675546407699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3264838457107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27309292554855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20585346221923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.13921016454696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13112133741378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11917248368263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08772826194763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2004.00325.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61595665","display_name":"British Journal of Industrial Relations","issn_l":"0007-1080","issn":["0007-1080","1467-8543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Industrial Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3125167281","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=568172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3125167281","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=568172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972048474","https://openalex.org/W1973591775","https://openalex.org/W1974555989","https://openalex.org/W1977084389","https://openalex.org/W1977791232","https://openalex.org/W1978888737","https://openalex.org/W2001258358","https://openalex.org/W2004054837","https://openalex.org/W2005196354","https://openalex.org/W2008012574","https://openalex.org/W2018789617","https://openalex.org/W2021543496","https://openalex.org/W2032579723","https://openalex.org/W2032717658","https://openalex.org/W2040090142","https://openalex.org/W2042387481","https://openalex.org/W2062387714","https://openalex.org/W2082645742","https://openalex.org/W2082823135","https://openalex.org/W2097774094","https://openalex.org/W2104943395","https://openalex.org/W2105089153","https://openalex.org/W2148897567","https://openalex.org/W2796372757","https://openalex.org/W2798273597","https://openalex.org/W3124356017","https://openalex.org/W3143030223","https://openalex.org/W4232050144","https://openalex.org/W4238526327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801389138","https://openalex.org/W2104121682","https://openalex.org/W7100447094","https://openalex.org/W1583237435","https://openalex.org/W4229065803","https://openalex.org/W6982630330","https://openalex.org/W2122484946","https://openalex.org/W3088617318","https://openalex.org/W2097774094","https://openalex.org/W2092831884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,53],"health":[2,86],"and":[3,30,84,87,98],"safety":[4,88],"risk":[5],"faced":[6],"by":[7],"individual":[8],"employees":[9,60],"can":[10],"be":[11],"treated":[12],"as":[13],"an":[14],"unobservable":[15],"latent":[16],"variable":[17],"which":[18],"manifests":[19],"itself":[20],"at":[21],"workplace":[22],"level":[23],"through":[24],"reported":[25,96],"counts":[26],"of":[27,68,81,95],"work\u2010related":[28],"injuries":[29,97],"illnesses":[31],"over":[32],"a":[33,65,78],"given":[34],"interval.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"presents":[38],"results":[39],"from":[40,46],"count":[41],"data":[42,45],"regressions":[43],"using":[44],"the":[47,57],"1998":[48],"Workplace":[49],"Employee":[50],"Relations":[51],"Survey.":[52],"findings":[54],"strongly":[55],"support":[56],"view":[58],"that":[59],"in":[61],"larger":[62],"establishments":[63,76],"have":[64],"lower":[66],"probability":[67],"being":[69],"injured":[70],"or":[71],"falling":[72],"ill.":[73],"In":[74],"addition,":[75],"with":[77,85,92],"higher":[79,93],"proportion":[80],"unionized":[82],"employees,":[83],"committees,":[89],"were":[90],"associated":[91],"numbers":[94],"illnesses.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}