{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997993785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","title":"Effect of a Monetary Sanction on Immunization Rates of Recipients of Aid to Families With Dependent Children","display_name":"Effect of a Monetary Sanction on Immunization Rates of Recipients of Aid to Families With Dependent Children","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997993785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","mag":"1997993785","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10872013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.284.1.53","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031729478","display_name":"Larry C. Kerpelman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152550","display_name":"Abt Global (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0502afh35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152550"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Larry C. Kerpelman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abt Associates Inc, 55 Wheeler St, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168, USA. larry_kerpelman@abtassoc.com","Abt Associates Inc, 55 Wheeler St, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abt Associates Inc, 55 Wheeler St, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168, USA. larry_kerpelman@abtassoc.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152550"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abt Associates Inc, 55 Wheeler St, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031729478"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9406953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"284","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13883","display_name":"Child and Adolescent Health","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-sanctions","display_name":"financial sanctions","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-immunization","display_name":"childhood immunization","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-uptake","display_name":"vaccine uptake","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-to-families-with-dependent-children","display_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-recipients","display_name":"welfare recipients","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-households","display_name":"low-income households","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-children","display_name":"preschool children","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-compliance","display_name":"vaccination compliance","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measles-mumps-and-rubella","display_name":"measles, mumps and rubella","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poliovirus","display_name":"poliovirus","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b","display_name":"Haemophilus influenzae type b","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b","display_name":"hepatitis B","score":0.9430000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8934100866317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779964582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4696621","display_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","level":4,"score":0.6430808901786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.5847031474113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4870876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12195","display_name":"Poliomyelitis","level":2,"score":0.5677613019943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780572238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134649","display_name":"Diphtheria","level":3,"score":0.5462039709091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.5126485228538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.4678158462047577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776438120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79793","display_name":"Measles","level":3,"score":0.44572699069976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4206765294075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.41478657722473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.36558210849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.3116084933280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.17381319403648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777022163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980969","display_name":"Welfare reform","level":3,"score":0.16987591981887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002669","descriptor_name":"Child Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005845","descriptor_name":"Georgia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017589","descriptor_name":"Immunization Programs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.284.1.53","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.1.53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10872013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10872013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/936944","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/936944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:220295","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W183825278","https://openalex.org/W657959838","https://openalex.org/W1523261121","https://openalex.org/W1777417392","https://openalex.org/W1982861622","https://openalex.org/W1997249503","https://openalex.org/W2048276232","https://openalex.org/W2060405703","https://openalex.org/W2075250905","https://openalex.org/W2099346625","https://openalex.org/W2407670892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073962073","https://openalex.org/W1982861622","https://openalex.org/W4253845596","https://openalex.org/W2134852391","https://openalex.org/W2113616054","https://openalex.org/W2045097775","https://openalex.org/W4205223630","https://openalex.org/W7099067699","https://openalex.org/W32992107","https://openalex.org/W2075145272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CONTEXT:":[0],"Immunization":[1],"rates":[2,34,169,220],"among":[3,35,200],"low-income":[4,36],"families":[5,44,79,137,217,234,312],"have":[6,240],"lagged":[7],"behind":[8],"those":[9,272],"for":[10,111,251],"the":[11,20,25,99,108,126,139,226,236,249,266,274,309],"general":[12],"community,":[13],"with":[14,80,92,315],"several":[15],"possible":[16],"barriers":[17],"cited":[18],"in":[19,70,98,138,218,225,235,244,265,273,324,334],"literature.":[21],"OBJECTIVE:":[22],"To":[23],"evaluate":[24],"effect":[26],"of":[27,50,77,107,119,121,128,154,170,195,221,248,263,271,311],"an":[28,345],"initiative":[29],"aimed":[30],"at":[31,125,211],"improving":[32],"immunization":[33,52,123,219,242,336],"preschool":[37,148,222],"children":[38,81,114,149,264],"by":[39],"imposing":[40],"a":[41,321,325,331],"sanction":[42,323],"on":[43,117,189,308],"who":[45,87],"failed":[46],"to":[47,90,145,163,239,313,347,356],"provide":[48],"proof":[49,120],"up-to-date":[51,122,241],"status.":[53],"DESIGN":[54],"AND":[55],"SETTING:":[56],"Randomized,":[57],"controlled":[58],"before-after":[59],"trial":[60],"conducted":[61],"from":[62],"January":[63],"1,":[64],"1993,":[65],"through":[66],"December":[67],"31,":[68],"1996,":[69],"Muscogee":[71],"County,":[72],"Georgia.":[73],"PARTICIPANTS:":[74],"A":[75],"total":[76],"2500":[78],"aged":[82],"6":[83],"years":[84,247],"or":[85,134],"younger":[86],"received":[88],"Aid":[89],"Families":[91,97,224],"Dependent":[93],"Children":[94],"assistance.":[95],"INTERVENTION:":[96],"intervention":[100,214,227,267],"group":[101,141,228,238,268,276],"(n=1500)":[102],"were":[103,143,151,207,229,297],"informed":[104,153],"that":[105,339],"receipt":[106],"welfare":[109,129,328,341],"benefit":[110],"any":[112,155],"preschool-aged":[113],"was":[115,303],"contingent":[116],"provision":[118],"status":[124,243],"beginning":[127],"eligibility":[130],"and,":[131],"subsequently,":[132],"semiannually":[133],"annually.":[135],"Case":[136],"control":[140,216,237,275],"(n=1000)":[142],"encouraged":[144],"immunize":[146],"their":[147,349],"but":[150],"not":[152],"aid":[156],"sanctions":[157,161],"nor":[158],"did":[159],"such":[160],"apply":[162],"them.":[164],"MAIN":[165],"OUTCOME":[166],"MEASURE:":[167],"Age-appropriate":[168],"5":[171,253],"immunizations":[172,254,351],"(measles-mumps-rubella;":[173],"poliovirus;":[174],"diphtheria":[175,284],"and":[176,179,185,215,285,288,292],"tetanus":[177,286],"toxoids":[178,287],"pertussis;":[180],"Haemophilus":[181],"influenzae":[182],"type":[183],"b;":[184],"hepatitis":[186],"B),":[187],"based":[188],"examination":[190],"(with":[191,255],"family's":[192],"written":[193],"consent)":[194],"medical":[196],"provider":[197],"records,":[198],"compared":[199],"intervention-group":[201],"vs":[202,269],"control-group":[203],"families.":[204],"RESULTS:":[205],"There":[206,302],"no":[208],"significant":[209,332],"differences":[210],"baseline":[212],"between":[213],"children.":[223],"significantly":[230],"more":[231],"likely":[232],"than":[233],"all":[245,252],"4":[246,283],"study":[250],"3":[256,290],"exceptions).":[257],"At":[258],"age":[259],"2":[260],"years,":[261],"72.4%":[262],"60.6%":[270],"achieved":[277],"vaccine":[278],"series":[279],"completion,":[280],"which":[281],"included":[282],"pertussis,":[289],"poliovirus,":[291],"1":[293],"measles-mumps-rubella":[294],"(P<.001).":[295],"Sanctions":[296],"implemented":[298],"only":[299],"11":[300],"times.":[301],"relatively":[304],"little":[305],"increased":[306],"burden":[307],"part":[310],"comply":[314],"requirements.":[316],"CONCLUSION:":[317],"In":[318],"our":[319],"study,":[320],"monetary":[322],"population":[326],"receiving":[327],"benefits":[329],"stimulated":[330],"increase":[333],"childhood":[335],"rates,":[337],"suggesting":[338],"when":[340],"recipients":[342],"are":[343,354],"given":[344],"incentive":[346],"keep":[348],"children's":[350],"up-to-date,":[352],"most":[353],"able":[355],"do":[357],"so.":[358],"JAMA.":[359],"2000;284:53-59":[360]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}