{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997756964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","title":"Targeting HIV: Old and New Players","display_name":"Targeting HIV: Old and New Players","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997756964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","mag":"1997756964","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/1568005024605873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24894198","display_name":"Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders","issn_l":"1568-0053","issn":["1568-0053","1875-5852"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Drug Target -Infectious Disorders","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078275872","display_name":"Alessandra Pani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-2499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-2499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Pani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 544, Km 4,500, 09042-Monserrato, CA, Italia. pania@unica.it","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 544, Km 4,500, 09042-Monserrato, CA, Italia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 544, Km 4,500, 09042-Monserrato, CA, Italia. pania@unica.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Microbiologia, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 544, Km 4,500, 09042-Monserrato, CA, Italia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107928860","display_name":"A. Loi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Loi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Mura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Mura","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025296570","display_name":"Tiziana Marceddu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Marceddu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046830492","display_name":"P. La Colla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5904-3812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5904-3812"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. La Colla","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636753","display_name":"Mara Marongiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-2384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-2384"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Marongiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82163476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-drug-discovery","display_name":"antiviral drug discovery","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-life-cycle","display_name":"HIV life cycle","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors","display_name":"reverse transcriptase inhibitors","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protease-inhibitors","display_name":"protease inhibitors","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-entry-inhibitors","display_name":"viral entry inhibitors","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrase-inhibitors","display_name":"integrase inhibitors","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-drug-resistance","display_name":"HIV drug resistance","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topical-antiviral-agents","display_name":"topical antiviral agents","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synergistic-antiviral-effect","display_name":"antiviral synergy","score":0.7350000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14430832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412550","display_name":"Integrase","level":3,"score":0.7123693823814392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6490207314491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777302000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412251","display_name":"Integrase inhibitor","level":5,"score":0.5598452091217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.540203869342804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.5280932784080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.5184342861175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4928314983844757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.43879246711730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43684208393096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.42081040143966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121587506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888113","display_name":"Mode of action","level":2,"score":0.41719380021095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.40108057856559753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.34651216864585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3291219472885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.32386860251426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.28272056579589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.28011879324913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.21615955233573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.09466633200645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002467","descriptor_name":"Cell Nucleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002467","descriptor_name":"Cell Nucleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006678","descriptor_name":"HIV","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011991","descriptor_name":"Receptors, Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015967","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018894","descriptor_name":"Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018894","descriptor_name":"Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D023241","descriptor_name":"Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036022","descriptor_name":"Capsid Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054303","descriptor_name":"HIV Reverse Transcriptase","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/1568005024605873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1568005024605873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24894198","display_name":"Current Drug Targets - Infectious Disorders","issn_l":"1568-0053","issn":["1568-0053","1875-5852"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Drug Target -Infectious Disorders","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12462150","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current drug targets. Infectious disorders","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/4386","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/4386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082042256","https://openalex.org/W2023632245","https://openalex.org/W2008041994","https://openalex.org/W2021944591","https://openalex.org/W2164167813","https://openalex.org/W2005573011","https://openalex.org/W2396389277","https://openalex.org/W2094782383","https://openalex.org/W1991207139","https://openalex.org/W2121771322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,5,18,26,44,92,118,123,127,140,183,187,195,217,224],"unprecedented":[2],"successes":[3],"in":[4,23,80,190,194],"therapy":[6],"of":[7,21,30,35,46,53,63,91,102,130,142,186,197,204,211,219,223],"HIV":[8,37,54,81,134,152,191],"infection,":[9],"AIDS":[10],"remains":[11],"a":[12,148,209,221],"major":[13],"world":[14],"health":[15],"problem":[16],"being":[17,72],"first":[19,124],"cause":[20,29],"death":[22,31],"Africa":[24],"and":[25,39,83,89,98,112,115],"fourth":[27],"leading":[28],"worldwide.":[32],"Rapid":[33],"emergence":[34],"drug-resistant":[36],"variants":[38],"severe":[40],"side":[41],"effects":[42],"limit":[43],"efficacy":[45],"existing":[47],"therapies.":[48],"The":[49,100],"intrinsic":[50],"high":[51],"variability":[52],"calls":[55],"for":[56,109,227],"combining":[57],"different":[58],"drugs":[59,94],"with":[60,172,216],"distinct":[61],"mode":[62],"action":[64],"to":[65,74,84,125,159],"achieve":[66],"synergistic":[67],"antiviral":[68,87],"activity.":[69],"Efforts":[70],"are":[71,175],"made":[73],"develop":[75],"agents":[76],"addressing":[77],"new":[78],"steps":[79,189],"replication":[82,135],"optimize":[85],"both":[86,110],"activity":[88],"pharmacokinetic":[90],"current":[93,184,225],"targeting":[95,117,137,228],"reverse":[96],"transcriptase":[97],"protease.":[99],"class":[101],"viral":[103,145],"entry":[104],"inhibitors":[105,171,199],"is":[106],"undergoing":[107],"evaluation":[108],"systemic":[111],"topical":[113],"administration,":[114],"compounds":[116,131,212],"fusion":[119],"step":[120],"may":[121,162],"be":[122],"reach":[126],"market.":[128],"Identification":[129],"unambiguously":[132],"affecting":[133],"by":[136],"integrase":[138],"supports":[139],"potential":[141,226],"this":[143,178],"crucial":[144],"enzyme":[146],"as":[147],"drug":[149],"target.":[150],"Targeting":[151],"gene":[153],"regulation,":[154],"which":[155],"could":[156],"also":[157,163],"lead":[158],"cellular":[160],"toxicity,":[161],"become":[164],"an":[165],"important":[166],"discovery":[167],"strategy,":[168],"provided":[169],"that":[170],"sufficient":[173],"specificity":[174],"identified.":[176],"In":[177],"review":[179],"we":[180],"will":[181],"summarize":[182],"understanding":[185],"key":[188],"life":[192],"cycle":[193],"context":[196],"representative":[198],"based":[200],"on":[201],"their":[202],"modes":[203],"action.":[205],"We":[206],"then":[207],"present":[208],"summary":[210],"under":[213],"clinical":[214],"development,":[215],"aim":[218],"providing":[220],"picture":[222],"HIV.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}