{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997666228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","title":"A Distributional Analysis of Changes in Earnings Inequality among Unionized and Nonunionized Male Workers in the United States: 1982-1990","display_name":"A Distributional Analysis of Changes in Earnings Inequality among Unionized and Nonunionized Male Workers in the United States: 1982-1990","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997666228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","mag":"1997666228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/135970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76440981","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d \u00e9conomique","issn_l":"0008-4085","issn":["0008-4085","1540-5982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Canadian Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016512959","display_name":"Richard P. Chaykowski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard P. Chaykowski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012853328","display_name":"George A. Slotsve","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George A. Slotsve","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3120,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3120},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83296816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":"S109","last_page":"S109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11421","display_name":"Labor Movements and Unions","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality","display_name":"wage inequality","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-distribution","display_name":"wage distribution","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unionization","display_name":"unionization","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-density-decline","display_name":"union density decline","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-workers","display_name":"male workers","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributional-analysis","display_name":"distributional analysis","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-dispersion","display_name":"wage dispersion","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/union-status","display_name":"union status","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.7309912443161011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7083420157432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5739405155181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.39872947335243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10304960608482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.06287750601768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/135970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/135970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76440981","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d \u00e9conomique","issn_l":"0008-4085","issn":["0008-4085","1540-5982"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Canadian Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505041994","https://openalex.org/W1517674753","https://openalex.org/W1543126952","https://openalex.org/W1970162248","https://openalex.org/W1975503357","https://openalex.org/W2022052608","https://openalex.org/W2033135060","https://openalex.org/W2091313412","https://openalex.org/W2137695232","https://openalex.org/W2155816505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543126952","https://openalex.org/W2041779065","https://openalex.org/W4241201088","https://openalex.org/W1594902472","https://openalex.org/W7099598497","https://openalex.org/W2022052608","https://openalex.org/W3124884477","https://openalex.org/W2068691059","https://openalex.org/W3121768697","https://openalex.org/W2078123986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,34],"major":[1],"explanations":[2],"for":[3,190],"the":[4,11,15,56,79,86,90,147,150,161,165],"dramatic":[5,81],"changes":[6,99,116,145],"in":[7,10,36,53,85,100,117,146,160],"earnings":[8,51,101,118,151],"inequality":[9,102],"United":[12,87,162],"States":[13,88],"through":[14],"1970s":[16,92],"and":[17,27,31,73,93,108,134,155],"1980s":[18],"have":[19,103],"concentrated":[20],"on":[21],"a":[22],"combination":[23],"of":[24,78,83,115,149,185],"supply-side,":[25],"demand-side,":[26],"institutional":[28,44],"factors":[29],"(Levy":[30],"Murnane":[32],"1992).":[33],"decline":[35,82],"union":[37,120,133],"density":[38],"has":[39,47,122],"been":[40],"offered":[41],"as":[42],"one":[43,95],"factor":[45],"that":[46,128],"contributed":[48],"to":[49,60,167,188],"increased":[50],"inequality,":[52],"part":[54],"because":[55],"less":[57],"well-educated":[58],"tend":[59],"be":[61],"more":[62],"highly":[63],"organized":[64],"(Lemieux":[65],"1993;":[66],"Card":[67],"1992;":[68],"Freeman":[69,74,125],"1991;":[70],"Blackburn,":[71],"Bloom,":[72],"1990).":[75],"In":[76],"view":[77],"coincident":[80],"unionism":[84],"during":[89],"late":[91],"1980s,":[94],"issue":[96,141],"concerns":[97],"whether":[98],"differed":[104],"systematically":[105],"among":[106,131,153],"unionized":[107,154],"nonunionized":[109,156],"workers.":[110],"Little":[111],"systematic":[112],"distributional":[113,174],"analysis":[114,171],"by":[119,142,180],"status":[121],"developed,":[123],"yet":[124],"(1991)":[126],"found":[127],"dispersion":[129],"grew":[130],"both":[132],"nonunion":[135],"groups.":[136],"This":[137,170],"paper":[138],"addresses":[139],"this":[140],"empirically":[143],"examining":[144],"structure":[148],"distribution":[152],"male":[157],"workers,":[158],"respectively,":[159],"States,":[163],"over":[164],"1982":[166],"1990":[168],"period.":[169],"employs":[172],"standard":[173],"measures":[175],"but":[176],"extends":[177],"previous":[178],"studies":[179],"applying":[181],"recently":[182],"developed":[183],"techniques":[184],"statistical":[186],"inference":[187],"test":[189],"change.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
