{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997412960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","title":"Prototyping: a Tool for Rapid Learning in Product Development","display_name":"Prototyping: a Tool for Rapid Learning in Product Development","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997412960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","mag":"1997412960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1063293x9300100205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25105827","display_name":"Concurrent Engineering","issn_l":"1063-293X","issn":["1063-293X","1531-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111608857","display_name":"Philip Barkan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Barkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University\rDesign Division, Stanford, California 94305, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University#R#Design Division, Stanford, California 94305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University\rDesign Division, Stanford, California 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University#R#Design Division, Stanford, California 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015070753","display_name":"Marco Iansiti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Iansiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88258929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"125","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prototyping","display_name":"prototype development","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-learning","display_name":"rapid learning","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-development","display_name":"product development","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-design-stage","display_name":"preliminary design","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-definition","display_name":"product definition","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19351080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395034","display_name":"New product development","level":2,"score":0.7412015795707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45135082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16960030","display_name":"Product design specification","level":4,"score":0.6140231490135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91485673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264371","display_name":"Design review (U.S. government)","level":3,"score":0.5566335320472717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.5514475107192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.539824366569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.48415476083755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4827682077884674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.4813578724861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120823896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043226","display_name":"Product design","level":3,"score":0.4721180200576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.46366360783576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545102676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780667","display_name":"Product management","level":3,"score":0.4606383740901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121615247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247761","display_name":"Product engineering","level":4,"score":0.4516264498233795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4395965337753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194304873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967338","display_name":"Product lifecycle","level":3,"score":0.43729639053344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.41616740822792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.4098496735095978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3773898482322693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3121277391910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.22231340408325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526771534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247798","display_name":"Product testing","level":2,"score":0.22122091054916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09232670068740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1063293x9300100205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9300100205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25105827","display_name":"Concurrent Engineering","issn_l":"1063-293X","issn":["1063-293X","1531-2003"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrent Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046701417","https://openalex.org/W4297081765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2405881400","https://openalex.org/W2288654819","https://openalex.org/W7043103334","https://openalex.org/W2409817729","https://openalex.org/W2278465996","https://openalex.org/W1996455117","https://openalex.org/W2794737530","https://openalex.org/W7037496537","https://openalex.org/W2225564724","https://openalex.org/W2750994726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,27,31,70,90,95],"crucial":[4],"roles":[5],"which":[6,16],"prototyping":[7],"plays":[8],"in":[9,42,48,60,89],"fast-start":[10],"product":[11,22,43,96],"development":[12,44,64,97],"-":[13],"a":[14,61],"concept":[15],"emphasizes":[17],"thorough,":[18],"up-front":[19],"planning,":[20],"early":[21],"definition,":[23],"greater":[24],"staffing":[25],"during":[26],"start-up":[28],"phase":[29],"of":[30,40,55,63,69,77,79,92,94],"program,":[32],"and":[33],"intensive":[34],"early-design":[35],"effort.":[36],"The":[37,75],"diverse":[38],"uses":[39],"prototypes":[41,57,80],"are":[45],"first":[46],"reviewed":[47],"general":[49],"terms,":[50],"followed":[51],"by":[52],"an":[53],"examination":[54],"how":[56],"were":[58],"used":[59],"number":[62],"projects":[65],"studied":[66],"as":[67],"part":[68],"\"Manufacturing":[71],"Vision\"":[72],"program":[73],"[2].":[74],"effectiveness":[76],"use":[78],"at":[81],"critical":[82],"junctures":[83],"proved":[84],"to":[85],"be":[86],"pivotal":[87],"events":[88],"outcome":[91],"many":[93],"programs":[98],"studied.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
