{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997370070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","title":"Rigorous electromagnetic modeling of targets concealed in tree foliage","display_name":"Rigorous electromagnetic modeling of targets concealed in tree foliage","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997370070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","mag":"1997370070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.391854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112577036","display_name":"Anders Sullivan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders J. Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Army Research Lab. (United States)","Army Res. Lab., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Research Lab. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Army Res. Lab., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082278500","display_name":"Norbert Geng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448581","display_name":"Lawrence Carin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Carin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Univ. (United States)","[Duke University, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Duke University, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1727836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4033","issue":null,"first_page":"62","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-scattering","display_name":"electromagnetic scattering","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-foliage","display_name":"tree foliage","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-trunk","display_name":"tree trunk","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layered-media","display_name":"layered media","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-images","display_name":"complex images","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-field-interaction","display_name":"near-field interaction","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrically-large-targets","display_name":"electrically large targets","score":0.6679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.725663423538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6594336628913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5966390371322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5499158501625061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780033567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6823720","display_name":"Method of moments (probability theory)","level":3,"score":0.5476400852203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.525810182094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206844423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157313","display_name":"Computational electromagnetics","level":3,"score":0.5137478113174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.47030729055404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193472","display_name":"Trunk","level":2,"score":0.4621160328388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.42222753167152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4158020317554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2665746212005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.189540296792984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1875489354133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.17091059684753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1564437448978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.391854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008577491","https://openalex.org/W1974236115","https://openalex.org/W2766242039","https://openalex.org/W2162763690","https://openalex.org/W2115263445","https://openalex.org/W2108754625","https://openalex.org/W7098064889","https://openalex.org/W2098174697","https://openalex.org/W2243606441","https://openalex.org/W1968953431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"method":[1,76],"of":[2,21,42,55,77,140,156,185],"moment":[3],"(MoM)":[4],"analysis":[5,63],"is":[6,36,71,87,150,174],"developed":[7],"for":[8,57,97,153],"electromagnetic":[9],"scattering":[10],"from":[11],"a":[12,22,26,39,91,141],"generalized":[13],"perfectly":[14],"conducting":[15,85,105,164,179],"target":[16,86,106,165],"in":[17,25,181,194],"the":[18,33,45,65,75,82,84,98,104,154,160,182],"near":[19,183],"field":[20,184],"tree":[23,34,108,161,187,195],"trunk":[24,35,109,162],"layered":[27,46,66],"medium":[28,47,67],"environment.":[29],"In":[30,121],"this":[31,127,172],"analysis,":[32,83],"modeled":[37,111],"as":[38],"dielectric":[40],"body":[41],"revolution":[43],"and":[44,53,107,131,163,170],"electrical":[48],"properties":[49],"can":[50],"be":[51,90],"lossy":[52],"dispersive,":[54],"interest":[56,157],"simulating":[58,191],"real":[59],"soil.":[60],"The":[61],"MoM":[62,145],"employs":[64],"Green's":[68],"function,":[69],"which":[70],"evaluated":[72],"efficiently":[73],"via":[74,116],"complex":[78],"images.":[79],"To":[80,94],"simplify":[81],"considered":[88],"to":[89,123],"flat":[92],"plate.":[93],"rigorously":[95],"account":[96],"interaction":[99],"between":[100],"these":[101],"disparate":[102],"targets,":[103],"are":[110,135,166],"separately,":[112],"with":[113],"interactions":[114],"handled":[115],"an":[117],"efficient":[118],"iterative":[119],"procedure.":[120],"addition":[122],"yielding":[124],"accurate":[125],"results,":[126],"procedure":[128],"has":[129],"memory":[130],"run-time":[132],"requirements":[133],"that":[134],"significantly":[136],"less":[137],"than":[138],"required":[139],"straightforward":[142],"brute":[143],"force":[144],"approach.":[146],"This":[147],"latter":[148],"issue":[149],"particularly":[151],"important":[152],"problem":[155],"here,":[158],"since":[159],"generally":[167],"electrically":[168],"large":[169],"because":[171],"work":[173],"ultimately":[175],"directed":[176],"towards":[177],"modeling":[178],"targets":[180,192],"multiple":[186],"trunks":[188],"(that":[189],"is,":[190],"concealed":[193],"foliage).":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
