{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997361957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","title":"Regionally Distinct Processing of Rewards and Punishments by the Primate Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex","display_name":"Regionally Distinct Processing of Rewards and Punishments by the Primate Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997361957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","mag":"1997361957","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22836265","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3438659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","pdf_url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/32/30/10318.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5555990","display_name":"Journal of Neuroscience","issn_l":"0270-6474","issn":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319739","host_organization_name":"Society for Neuroscience","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319739"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Neuroscience"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/32/30/10318.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024947116","display_name":"Ilya E. Monosov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-7929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0057-7929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139686","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilya E. Monosov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4435, USA. monosovi@nei.nih.gov","Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4435, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4435, USA. monosovi@nei.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4435, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009985808","display_name":"Okihide Hikosaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-7187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-7187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139686","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okihide Hikosaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892","Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 2A50, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Building 49, Room 2A50, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210139686"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2567,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96412984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"30","first_page":"10318","last_page":"10330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventromedial-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"ventromedial prefrontal cortex","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-processing","display_name":"reward processing","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment-processing","display_name":"punishment processing","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-unit-recording","display_name":"single-unit recording","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primate-prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"primate prefrontal cortex","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"valence","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aversive-stimuli","display_name":"aversive stimuli","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-experience","display_name":"emotional experience","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-control","display_name":"decision control","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778627534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2694853","display_name":"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex","level":4,"score":0.9488469362258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7348142266273499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7076268792152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.5640222430229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780509455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380","display_name":"Primate","level":2,"score":0.5209080576896667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49953341484069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4156176447868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140530291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225063","display_name":"Dorsum","level":2,"score":0.41061389446258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3199228346347809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.1519431173801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1179119348526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.06672203540802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003214","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Classical","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008253","descriptor_name":"Macaca mulatta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011678","descriptor_name":"Punishment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017397","descriptor_name":"Prefrontal Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","pdf_url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/32/30/10318.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5555990","display_name":"Journal of Neuroscience","issn_l":"0270-6474","issn":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319739","host_organization_name":"Society for Neuroscience","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319739"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Neuroscience"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2552660","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3438659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3438659","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3438659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22836265","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22836265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.637.151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.637.151","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lsr-web.net/Assets/NEIPages/OkihideHikosaka/pdfs/MonosovOH2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1801-12.2012","pdf_url":"https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/32/30/10318.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5555990","display_name":"Journal of Neuroscience","issn_l":"0270-6474","issn":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319739","host_organization_name":"Society for Neuroscience","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319739"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Neuroscience"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G424296001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z99 EY999999","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1997361957.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1997361957.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499836032","https://openalex.org/W1510320707","https://openalex.org/W1784695092","https://openalex.org/W1929205930","https://openalex.org/W1964196268","https://openalex.org/W1965303954","https://openalex.org/W1968173341","https://openalex.org/W1985728804","https://openalex.org/W1989615119","https://openalex.org/W1993924263","https://openalex.org/W1995007954","https://openalex.org/W2003169826","https://openalex.org/W2003397476","https://openalex.org/W2023464568","https://openalex.org/W2027288486","https://openalex.org/W2033020059","https://openalex.org/W2033831542","https://openalex.org/W2035803106","https://openalex.org/W2036362441","https://openalex.org/W2038593423","https://openalex.org/W2039775557","https://openalex.org/W2042497463","https://openalex.org/W2044710410","https://openalex.org/W2056908956","https://openalex.org/W2065623558","https://openalex.org/W2070485861","https://openalex.org/W2076457657","https://openalex.org/W2078617766","https://openalex.org/W2080527571","https://openalex.org/W2083338953","https://openalex.org/W2090500269","https://openalex.org/W2097280491","https://openalex.org/W2099925882","https://openalex.org/W2100991928","https://openalex.org/W2108050717","https://openalex.org/W2111571723","https://openalex.org/W2112191288","https://openalex.org/W2117726420","https://openalex.org/W2120216518","https://openalex.org/W2120424352","https://openalex.org/W2120707655","https://openalex.org/W2122384242","https://openalex.org/W2122419439","https://openalex.org/W2123856966","https://openalex.org/W2129028793","https://openalex.org/W2129105917","https://openalex.org/W2129586271","https://openalex.org/W2140241886","https://openalex.org/W2144534164","https://openalex.org/W2144820951","https://openalex.org/W2145777576","https://openalex.org/W2150409513","https://openalex.org/W2157381246","https://openalex.org/W2162681207","https://openalex.org/W2164509516","https://openalex.org/W2168986550","https://openalex.org/W2171752682","https://openalex.org/W2476091097","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W4256186347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099484001","https://openalex.org/W2801445064","https://openalex.org/W2949515299","https://openalex.org/W2071835918","https://openalex.org/W2225714665","https://openalex.org/W7095645193","https://openalex.org/W3202782196","https://openalex.org/W3006283058","https://openalex.org/W2053576047","https://openalex.org/W3111069761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ventromedial":[1],"prefrontal":[2,131],"cortex":[3],"(vmPFC)":[4],"is":[5,24],"thought":[6],"to":[7,10,14,143,165,167],"be":[8],"related":[9],"emotional":[11],"experience":[12],"and":[13,19,34,38,59,152,163],"the":[15,32,84,98,129,144,155],"processing":[16,145],"of":[17,36,111,119,139,146,161],"stimulus":[18],"action":[20],"values.":[21],"However,":[22],"little":[23],"known":[25],"about":[26],"how":[27],"single":[28],"vmPFC":[29,44,67,78,92,140,156],"neurons":[30,45,68,75,89,107,115],"process":[31],"prediction":[33],"reception":[35],"rewards":[37,56],"punishments.":[39],"We":[40,121],"recorded":[41],"from":[42],"monkey":[43],"in":[46,54,61,76,83,90,97],"an":[47],"experimental":[48],"situation":[49],"with":[50],"alternating":[51],"blocks,":[52],"one":[53,60],"which":[55,62],"were":[57,64,79,93],"delivered":[58],"punishments":[63],"delivered.":[65],"Many":[66],"changed":[69],"their":[70],"activity":[71],"between":[72],"blocks.":[73],"Importantly,":[74],"ventral":[77,104],"persistently":[80,94],"more":[81,95],"active":[82,96],"appetitive":[85],"\"reward\"":[86],"block,":[87],"whereas":[88,113],"dorsal":[91],"aversive":[99],"\"punishment\"":[100],"block.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"within":[103,128],"vmPFC,":[105],"posterior":[106],"phasically":[108],"encoded":[109,117],"probability":[110],"reward,":[112],"anterior":[114],"tonically":[116],"possibility":[118],"reward.":[120],"found":[122],"multiple":[123],"distinct":[124],"nonlinear":[125,153],"valuation":[126],"mechanisms":[127],"primate":[130],"cortex.":[132],"Our":[133],"findings":[134],"suggest":[135],"that":[136],"different":[137],"subregions":[138],"contribute":[141],"differentially":[142],"valence.":[147],"By":[148],"conveying":[149],"such":[150],"multidimensional":[151],"signals,":[154],"may":[157],"enable":[158],"flexible":[159],"control":[160],"decisions":[162],"emotions":[164],"adapt":[166],"complex":[168],"environments.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}