{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997346726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","title":"Electron-hole recombination on ZnO(0001) single-crystal surface studied by time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","display_name":"Electron-hole recombination on ZnO(0001) single-crystal surface studied by time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997346726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","mag":"1997346726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.4897934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027757854","display_name":"Ryu Yukawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-9445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-9445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Yukawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014134916","display_name":"Susumu Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-7993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-7993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021175624","display_name":"Ken-ichi Ozawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-4671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-4671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Ozawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo Institute of Technology 2 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo Institute of Technology 2 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073179371","display_name":"Masato Emori","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Emori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sophia University 3 Department of Physics, , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sophia University 3 Department of Physics, , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Ogawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030345530","display_name":"Shingo Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-2867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-2867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sh. Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112347997","display_name":"K. Fujikawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Fujikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051520997","display_name":"Rei Hobara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4449-6967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4449-6967"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Hobara","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081356561","display_name":"Satoshi Kitagawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kitagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 4 , Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 4 , Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084775403","display_name":"Hiroshi Daimon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-7829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-7829"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Daimon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 4 , Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 4 , Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109366249","display_name":"Hiroshi Sakama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5326-6921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5326-6921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Sakama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sophia University 3 Department of Physics, , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sophia University 3 Department of Physics, , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034775911","display_name":"Iwao Matsuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-9303","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-9303"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698","https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42999171","display_name":"Sophia University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nckkm68","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286944","display_name":"The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpax711","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Matsuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo 1 Institute for Solid State Physics, , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286944","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42999171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88961798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"105","issue":"15","first_page":"151602","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.5429999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.5429999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10090","display_name":"ZnO doping and properties","score":0.35280001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11853","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and interfaces","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-hole-recombination","display_name":"electron-hole recombination","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zno-0001-surface","display_name":"ZnO(0001) surface","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-photovoltage","display_name":"surface photovoltage","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-charge-region","display_name":"depletion region","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-band-diagram","display_name":"energy band diagram","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc-oxide-single-crystals","display_name":"zinc oxide single crystals","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129396577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646006","display_name":"Surface photovoltage","level":3,"score":0.8507014513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55005982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3902709","display_name":"Picosecond","level":3,"score":0.7377704381942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175708663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899559","display_name":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6790996789932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5990380644798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.5808814764022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35390186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854235","display_name":"Band diagram","level":3,"score":0.5694231390953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143979616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215259","display_name":"Thermionic emission","level":3,"score":0.5515366792678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73922627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754943","display_name":"Single crystal","level":2,"score":0.5374079346656799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51141536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838801","display_name":"Nanosecond","level":3,"score":0.5362894535064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.45694172382354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.4484623670578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.36655256152153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3596467673778534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.35018524527549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3143211603164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.26322412490844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79794668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616270","display_name":"Heterojunction","level":2,"score":0.18468374013900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14972177147865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.1395079493522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.13621124625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.07871904969215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.4897934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4897934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:00897:0004080787","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100715620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:50326249","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100715620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196385","display_name":"Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","host_organization_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1730995559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26105001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2366220000","display_name":"Study of photo-induced electron transport phenomena on oxide semiconductor surfaces","funder_award_id":"23560020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8883013803","display_name":"Real-time observation of carrier dynamics at oxide semiconductor and metal interfaces","funder_award_id":"25870193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485600377","https://openalex.org/W1808420446","https://openalex.org/W1967652077","https://openalex.org/W1974093094","https://openalex.org/W1983006461","https://openalex.org/W1990522939","https://openalex.org/W1994723085","https://openalex.org/W1996081606","https://openalex.org/W1999465619","https://openalex.org/W2002093212","https://openalex.org/W2017062950","https://openalex.org/W2019761406","https://openalex.org/W2028056984","https://openalex.org/W2030158809","https://openalex.org/W2039649895","https://openalex.org/W2040636853","https://openalex.org/W2057230161","https://openalex.org/W2063835054","https://openalex.org/W2079206374","https://openalex.org/W2084458159","https://openalex.org/W2089592225","https://openalex.org/W2094218792","https://openalex.org/W2148821808","https://openalex.org/W2149271249","https://openalex.org/W2152031983","https://openalex.org/W2315122508","https://openalex.org/W2332030717","https://openalex.org/W2334954222","https://openalex.org/W4242302267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148821808","https://openalex.org/W2063480654","https://openalex.org/W1990816985","https://openalex.org/W2332030717","https://openalex.org/W2334954222","https://openalex.org/W2089469614","https://openalex.org/W2050921059","https://openalex.org/W1999465619","https://openalex.org/W3042557494","https://openalex.org/W2001223918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Time-resolved":[0],"soft":[1],"X-ray":[2],"photoelectron":[3],"spectroscopy":[4],"(PES)":[5],"experiments":[6],"were":[7],"performed":[8],"with":[9,90],"time":[10],"scales":[11],"from":[12],"picoseconds":[13],"to":[14,16,50],"nanoseconds":[15],"trace":[17],"relaxation":[18],"of":[19,34,55,66,75],"surface":[20,27,36,81],"photovoltage":[21,57],"on":[22],"the":[23,35,56,71,80,83,96],"ZnO(0001)":[24],"single":[25],"crystal":[26],"in":[28],"real":[29],"time.":[30],"The":[31],"band":[32,85],"diagram":[33],"has":[37],"been":[38],"obtained":[39],"numerically":[40],"using":[41],"PES":[42],"data,":[43],"showing":[44],"a":[45,63,67,91],"depletion":[46],"layer":[47],"which":[48],"extends":[49],"1":[51,77],"\u03bcm.":[52],"Temporal":[53],"evolution":[54],"effect":[58],"is":[59],"well":[60],"explained":[61],"by":[62,95],"recombination":[64],"process":[65],"thermionic":[68],"model,":[69],"giving":[70],"photoexcited":[72],"carrier":[73],"lifetime":[74,88],"about":[76],"ps":[78],"at":[79],"under":[82],"flat":[84],"condition.":[86],"This":[87],"agrees":[89],"temporal":[92],"range":[93],"reported":[94],"previous":[97],"time-resolved":[98],"optical":[99],"experiments.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
