{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997324976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","title":"The difference engine: A model of diversity in speeded cognition","display_name":"The difference engine: A model of diversity in speeded cognition","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997324976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","mag":"1997324976","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12921409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/bf03196491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138679565","display_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","issn_l":"1069-9384","issn":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196491.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088841767","display_name":"Joel Myerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-9892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-9892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joel Myerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. jmyerson@artsci.wustl.edu","Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. jmyerson@artsci.wustl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108795184","display_name":"Sandra Hale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-3233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-3233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Hale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Washington University, Campus Box 1125, 63130, St. Louis, MO","Department of Psychology, Washington University St. Louis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University, Campus Box 1125, 63130, St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Washington University St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yingye Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingye Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, Washington","University of Washington , Seattle"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington , Seattle","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082569597","display_name":"Lisa Jenkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928396","display_name":"Wyeth","ror":"https://ror.org/035j24j42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180857899","https://openalex.org/I4403928396"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Jenkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania","Wyeth Research, Collegeville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wyeth Research, Collegeville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928396"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027207733","display_name":"Keith F. Widaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-3998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6424-3998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith F. Widaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, California","university of california, davis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of california, davis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088841767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8753092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"262","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.06700000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-speed","display_name":"cognitive speed","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time-psychology","display_name":"reaction time (psychology)","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time-variability","display_name":"reaction time variability","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-difficulty","display_name":"task difficulty","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-selection","display_name":"response selection","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.878000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7955496907234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7507622838020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6044650673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.532310426235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4816352427005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.468839555978775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4572129249572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4468640685081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41488519310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.41419661045074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3937125504016876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23761948943138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10469192266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3758/bf03196491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138679565","display_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","issn_l":"1069-9384","issn":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12921409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12921409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychonomic bulletin & review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2338295690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196491.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/bf03196491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196491","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196491.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138679565","display_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","issn_l":"1069-9384","issn":["1069-9384","1531-5320"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4456709666","display_name":"PROCESSING SPEED, WORKING MEMORY AND COGNITION IN DAT","funder_award_id":"R01AG012996","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7778317882","display_name":"AGING AND COGNITIVE SLOWING--THE INFORMATION LOSS MODEL","funder_award_id":"R01AG010197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000919755","display_name":"Aging and Development","funder_award_id":"T32AG000030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1997324976.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1997324976.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140019872","https://openalex.org/W159428820","https://openalex.org/W339225100","https://openalex.org/W1605773274","https://openalex.org/W1966795782","https://openalex.org/W1972397457","https://openalex.org/W1972540331","https://openalex.org/W1974229403","https://openalex.org/W1977021303","https://openalex.org/W1987812255","https://openalex.org/W1989589996","https://openalex.org/W1990833808","https://openalex.org/W1998812722","https://openalex.org/W2000024699","https://openalex.org/W2000221693","https://openalex.org/W2002882178","https://openalex.org/W2003403658","https://openalex.org/W2004087833","https://openalex.org/W2009683462","https://openalex.org/W2011496340","https://openalex.org/W2015604461","https://openalex.org/W2016580519","https://openalex.org/W2018282120","https://openalex.org/W2023897673","https://openalex.org/W2042772907","https://openalex.org/W2042787727","https://openalex.org/W2045427558","https://openalex.org/W2046228908","https://openalex.org/W2052646826","https://openalex.org/W2053127376","https://openalex.org/W2067772065","https://openalex.org/W2070774592","https://openalex.org/W2077643946","https://openalex.org/W2079092199","https://openalex.org/W2079261568","https://openalex.org/W2086036038","https://openalex.org/W2098205603","https://openalex.org/W2117197126","https://openalex.org/W2121462086","https://openalex.org/W2122391561","https://openalex.org/W2122653298","https://openalex.org/W2131194341","https://openalex.org/W2131663753","https://openalex.org/W2139455027","https://openalex.org/W2150693651","https://openalex.org/W2165590591","https://openalex.org/W2165707856","https://openalex.org/W2781669080","https://openalex.org/W2975040748","https://openalex.org/W3142632021","https://openalex.org/W4250701980","https://openalex.org/W4254666452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338295690","https://openalex.org/W2033157525","https://openalex.org/W2121462086","https://openalex.org/W1966750632","https://openalex.org/W2071847080","https://openalex.org/W1972397457","https://openalex.org/W2332619464","https://openalex.org/W1974799108","https://openalex.org/W1966795782","https://openalex.org/W2116695590"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}